Benutzer:Rubinsky/Werkstatt/Ägypten

Ägyptische Kultur

Bisheriger deutscher Text

Ägyptische Kinospielfilmproduktion
Jahr	Anzahl
1975	49
1985	75
1995	13
2005	23

Siehe auch: Musik Ägyptens

Die Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU) ist die staatliche Rundfunkgesellschaft Ägyptens. Das Deutsche-Welle-TV strahlt seit dem 28. Februar 2005 täglich drei Stunden arabisches Programm über den ägyptischen Satelliten NileSat in den Nahen Osten aus.

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Englischer Text

Culture

Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a commemoration of the ancient Library of Alexandria in Egypt's second largest city.

Egyptian culture has six thousand years of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations and for millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and other African countries. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism, Christianity, and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of Egypt's ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture, itself with roots in ancient Egypt.

Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. Egypt has the highest number of Nobel Laureates in Africa and the Arab World. Some Egyptian born politicians were or are at the helm of major international organizations like Boutros Boutros-Ghali of the United Nations and Mohamed ElBaradei of the IAEA.

Egypt is a recognized cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world, and contemporary Arab culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, which gave a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arab world.

Identity

Mahmoud Mokhtar's Egypt's Renaissance 1919–1928, Cairo University

The Nile Valley was home to one of the oldest cultures in the world, spanning three thousand years of continuous history. When Egypt fell under a series of foreign occupations after 343 BC, each left an indelible mark on the country's cultural landscape. Egyptian identity evolved in the span of this long period of occupation to accommodate, in principle, two new religions, Islam and Christianity; and a new language, Arabic, and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic.

After two thousand years of occupation, three ideologies competed for the attention of newly independent Egyptians: ethno-territorial Egyptian nationalism, secular Arab nationalism/pan-Arabism, and Islamism. Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century. Arab nationalism reached a peak under Nasser but subsided under Sadat; meanwhile, the ideology espoused by Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood is present in small segments of the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society.

The work of early 19th-century scholar Rifa'a et-Tahtawi led to the Egyptian Renaissance, marking the transition from Medieval to Early Modern Egypt. His work renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as Suyuti and Maqrizi, who themselves studied the history, language and antiquities of Egypt.

Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like Muhammad Abduh, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Muhammad Loutfi Goumah, Tawfiq el-Hakim, Louis Awad, Qasim Amin, Salama Moussa, Taha Hussein and Mahmoud Mokhtar. They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, secularism and faith in science to bring progress.

Art and architecture

Eighteenth dynasty painting from the tomb of Theban governor Ramose in Deir el-Madinah

The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art and architecture. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilization is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous.

The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. Egypt's media and arts industry has flourished since the late 19th century, today with more than thirty satellite channels and over one hundred motion pictures produced each year. Cairo has long been known as the "Hollywood of the Middle East;" its annual film festival, the Cairo International Film Festival, has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations. To bolster its media industry further, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf Arab States and Lebanon, a large media city was built. Some Egyptian-born actors include Omar Sharif.

Media

Egyptian media are highly influential throughout the Arab World, attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control. Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right. After the Egyptian presidential election of 2005, Ahmed Selim, office director for Information Minister Anas al-Fiqi, declared an era of a "free, transparent and independent Egyptian media."

Today, the Egyptian media is experiencing greater freedom. Several Egyptian Talk shows, like 90 Minutes and Al- Ashera Masa'an, which air on private channels, and even state television programs such as El-beit beitak criticize the Government, which was previously banned.

Literature

Literature is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.

Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre among Egyptians, represented by the works of Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi. In their belief, boats were used by the dead to accompany the sun around the world, as Heaven was referred to as “Upper Waters”. In Egyptian mythology, every night the serpentine god Apophis would attack the Sun Boat as it brought the sun (and as such order )back to the Kingdom in the morning. It is referred to as the “Boat of Millions” as all the gods and souls of the blessed dead may at one point or another be needed to defend or operate it.

Music

Upper Egyptian folk musicians from Kom Ombo.

Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. In antiquity, Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, including two indigenous instruments: the ney and the oud. Percussion and vocal music also became an important part of the local music tradition ever since. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu-l Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmud Osman, who influenced the later work of Egyptian music giants such as Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez. From the 1970s onwards, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, while Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other festivities. Some of the most prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

Festivals

Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by all Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. Ramadan has a special flavor in Egypt, celebrated with sounds, lights (local lanterns known as fawanees) and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt during Ramadan to witness the spectacle. The ancient spring festival of Sham en Nisim (Coptic: {Coptic|Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ} shom en nisim) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the Egyptian months of Paremoude (April) and Pashons (May), following Easter Sunday.

Egypt is one of the boldest countries in the middle east in the music industry. The next generation of the Egyptian music is considered to be the rise, as the music was disrupted by some foreign influences, bad admixing, and abused oriental styles. The new arising talents starting from the late 1990s are taking over the rein now as they play different genres of many cultures. Rock And Metal music are prevailing widely in Egypt now,as much as the oriental jazz and folk music are becoming well-known now to the Egyptian and non-Egyptian fans.

Sports

Cairo International Stadium

Football is the Popular National Sport of Egypt. Egyptian Football clubs Al-Ahly, El Zamalek, Ismaily, El-Ittihad El-Iskandary and El Masry are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions. The great rivalries keep the streets of Egypt energized as people fill the streets when their favorite team wins. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa and the world, the BBC even picked it as one of the toughest 7 derbies in the world. Egypt is rich in soccer history as soccer has been around for over 100 years. The Egyptian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. The country is home to many African championships such as the Africa Cup of Nations. While, Egypt's national team has not qualified for the FIFA World Cup since 1990, the Egyptian team won the Africa Cup Of Nations an unprecedented seven times, including two times in a row in 1957 and 1959 and an unprecedented three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010 setting a world record.

Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been known for its fierce competition in international championships since the 1930s. Amr Shabana is Egypt's best player and the winner of the world open three times and the best player of 2006.

The Egyptian Handball team also holds another record; throughout the 34 times the African Handball Nations Championship was held, Egypt won first place five times (including 2008), five times second place, four times third place, and came in fourth place twice. The team won 6th and 7th places in 1995, 1997 at the World Men's Handball Championship, and twice won 6th place at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics.

In 2007, Omar Samra joined Ben Stephens (England), Victoria James (Wales) and Greg Maud (South Africa) in putting together an expedition to climb Mount Everest from its South side. The Everest expedition began on 25 March 2007 and lasted for just over 9 weeks. On the 17 May at precisely 9:49 am Nepal time, Omar became the first and youngest Egyptian to climb 8,850m Mount Everest. He also became the first Egyptian to climb Everest from its South face, the same route taken by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tenzing in 1953.

Egypt has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games since 1912.

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Übersetzung

Die Kulturgeschichte Ägyptens reicht 6000 Jahre zurück. Das alte Ägypten gehörte zur den ersten Zivilisationen und behielt über Jahrtausende hinweg eine enorm komplexe und stabile Kultur, die spätere Kulturen in Europa, dem Nahen Osten und Afrika beeinflusste. Nach der pharaonischen Ära geriet Ägypten selbst unter den Einfluss des Hellenismus, des Christentums und der islamischen Kultur. Heute sind viele Aspekte der alten ägyptischen Kultur immer noch sehr präsent und spielen mit neueren Elementen zusammen, unter anderem dem Einfluss der modernen westlichen Kultur, die ihre Wurzeln selbst im alten Ägypten hat.

Die ägyptische Hauptstadt, Kairo, ist die größte Stadt Afrikas und und ist seit Jahrzehnten als Zentrum von Kultur, Wissenschaft und Handel bekannt. Ägypten hat zudem die höchste Anzahl von Nobelpreisträgern in Afrika und in der gesamten arabischen Welt. Einige in Ägypten geborene Politiker nehmen wichtige Positionen in großen internationalen Organisationen ein, wie Boutros Boutros-Ghali in der UN und Mohammed ElBaradei in der IAEA.

Weiterhin ist Ägypten als kultureller Vorreiter und somit "Trend-Setter" der arabischsprachigen Welt bekannt, weshalb die zeitgenössische arabische Kultur sehr von ägyptischer Literatur und Musik, sowie ägyptischen Filmen und Fernsehen geprägt wird. Seine regionale Dominanz gewann Ägypten zwischen 1950 und 1960, die den Einfluss auf die arabische Welt nochmals erhöhte.

Egyptian culture has six thousand years of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations and for millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and other African countries. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism, Christianity, and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of Egypt's ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture, itself with roots in ancient Egypt.
Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. Egypt has the highest number of Nobel Laureates in Africa and the Arab World. Some Egyptian born politicians were or are at the helm of major international organizations like Boutros Boutros-Ghali of the United Nations and Mohamed ElBaradei of the IAEA.
Egypt is a recognized cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world, and contemporary Arab culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, which gave a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arab world.[2]

Kulturelle Identitiät

Das Nildelta (bzw. Tal) war Heimat einer der ältesten Kulturen der Welt, deren Geschichte über 3000 Jahre andauerte. Eine Serie verschiedener ausländischer/fremder Besetzungen nach 343 v. Chr. drückte der ägyptischen Kulturlandschaft ihren Stempel auf. Die ägyptische Identität entwickelte sich in dieser langen Periode der Besatzungen grundsätzlich aus der Anpassung an zwei neue Religionen, Islam und Christentum und einer neuen Sprache, nämlich Arabisch, heraus. Aus dem Arabischen entstand daraufhin das ägyptische Arabisch (Verweis). Nach 2000 Jahren der Besetzung bildeten sich drei Ideologien heraus, die unter den jetzt unabhängigen Ägyptern verbreitet waren: einerseits der sogenannte ethno-territoriale ägyptische Nationalismus, der auch als Pharaonismus bekannt ist, weiterhin der säkulare arabische Nationalismus bzw. Pan-Arabismus und der Islamismus. Dabei geht der ägyptische Nationalismus seinem arabischen Gegenstück um mehre Dekaden voraus, weil er seine Wurzeln im 19ten Jahrhundert hat, wo er Ausdrucksform der antikolonialistischen Aktivisten und Intellektuellen bis zum frühen 20ten Jahrhundert war. Unter Nasser erreichte der arabische Nationalismus seinen absoluten Hochpunkt im Sinne des Nasserismus, folgend klang er unter Sadat wieder ab. Währenddessen fand der Islamismus, wie er etwa von der Muslimbruderschaft vertreten wird, Anklang in kleineren Teilen der unteren Mittelschicht. Die Arbeiten des Gelehrten Rifa'a at-Tahtawi führten im frühen 19ten Jahrhundert zur ägyptischen Renaissance, die den Übergang vom Mittelalter zum frühmodernen Ägypten darstellt. Ebendiese Arbeiten haben das Interesse an ägyptischen Antiquitäten erneuert und die ägyptische Gesellschaft mit den Prinzipien der Aufklärung in Kontakt gebracht. Tahtawi gründete zusammen mit dem Bilderungsreformer Ali Mubarak eine heimische Schule der Ägyptologie, die sich an mittelalterlichen Gelehrten, wie Suyuti und Maqrizi, orientierte ; diese studierten selbst die Geschichte, Sprache und die Antiquitäten Ägyptens. Durch die Arbeit von Menschen wie Muhammad Abduh, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Muhammad Loutfi Goumah, Tawfiq el-Hakim, Louis Awad, Qasim Amin, Salama Moussa, Taha Hussein und Mahmoud Mokhta erreichte die Ägyptische Aufklärung ihren Hochpunkt im späten 19ten und frühen 20ten Jahrhundert. Sie ebneten einen liberalen Weg für Ägypten, der sich als ein Bekenntnis zu persönlicher Freiheit, Säkularismus und Glaube an die Wissenschaft um des Fortschrittes Willen äußert.

The Nile Valley was home to one of the oldest cultures in the world, spanning three thousand years of continuous history. When Egypt fell under a series of foreign occupations after 343 BC, each left an indelible mark on the country's cultural landscape. Egyptian identity evolved in the span of this long period of occupation to accommodate, in principle, two new religions, Islam and Christianity; and a new language, Arabic, and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic.[3] After two thousand years of occupation, three ideologies competed for the attention of newly independent Egyptians: ethno-territorial Egyptian nationalism, secular Arab nationalism/pan-Arabism, and Islamism. Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century.[4] Arab nationalism reached a peak under Nasser but subsided under Sadat; meanwhile, the ideology espoused by Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood is present in small segments of the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society.[5] The work of early 19th-century scholar Rifa'a et-Tahtawi led to the Egyptian Renaissance, marking the transition from Medieval to Early Modern Egypt. His work renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as Suyuti and Maqrizi, who themselves studied the history, language and antiquities of Egypt.[6] Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like Muhammad Abduh, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, Muhammad Loutfi Goumah, Tawfiq el-Hakim, Louis Awad, Qasim Amin, Salama Moussa, Taha Hussein and Mahmoud Mokhtar. They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, secularism and faith in science to bring progress.[7]

Kunst und Architektur

Ägypten war eine der ersten Zivilisationen, der es gelang Gestaltungselemente in Kunst und Architektur zu chiffrieren. Die im Dienste der Pharaonen geschaffenen Wandmalereien folgten einem rigiden Code visueller Regeln und Bedeutungen. Die ägyptische Zivilisation ist weltweit berühmt für ihre gewaltigen Pyramiden, Tempel und Gräber. Zu bekannten Beispielen gehören die Pyramiden von Djoser, welche durch den antiken Architekten und Ingenieur Imhotep gestaltet wurden, die Sphinx und der Tempel von Abu Simbel. Moderne und zeitgenössische ägyptische Kunst kann sich mit der weltweiten Kunstszene messen, von der funktionalen Architektur Hassan Fathys und Ramses Wissa Wassefs, über Mahmud Mokhtars Skulpturen, bis zu den charakteristischen koptischen Ikonographien von Isaac Fanous. Die Kairoer Oper fungiert als Hauptveranstaltungsort darstellender Künste in der Hauptstadt. Seit dem 19ten Jahrhundert florieren Medien- und Kunstindustrie, im heutigen Ägypten gibt es mehr als dreißig Satellitensender und es werden etwa 100 Filme im Jahr produziert. Kairo ist auch bekannt als "Hollywood des nahen Ostens"; das jährlich stattfindende "Cairo International Film Festival" wurde als eines von elf Festivals weltweit durch die "International Federation of Film Producers' Associations" mit einer "Top-Class" Bewertung beurteilt. Um die Medienindustrie weiter zu fördern, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Wettbewerb aus den Golfstaaten und dem Libanon wurde eine große "Media-City" errichtet. Ein bekannter ägyptischer Schauspieler ist Omar Sharif.

The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art and architecture. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilization is renowned for its colossal pyramids, temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep, the Sphinx, and the temple of Abu Simbel. Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef, to Mahmoud Mokhtar's sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous. The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. Egypt's media and arts industry has flourished since the late 19th century, today with more than thirty satellite channels and over one hundred motion pictures produced each year. Cairo has long been known as the "Hollywood of the Middle East;" its annual film festival, the Cairo International Film Festival, has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.[8] To bolster its media industry further, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf Arab States and Lebanon, a large media city was built. Some Egyptian-born actors include Omar Sharif.

Medien

Die ägyptischen Massenmedien verfügen über großen Einfluss in der arabischen Welt, vor allem durch ihr beträchtliches Publikum und die zunehmende Freiheit vor staatlichen Einschränkungen. Auch wenn die Freiheit der Medien durch die Verfassung theoretisch garantiert wird, beschneiden nach wie vor viele Gesetze dieses recht. Nach den Präsidentschaftswahlen 2005 hat Ahmed Selim, Büroleiter des Informationsministers Anas al-Fiqi eine Ära "freier, transparenter und unabhängiger ägyptischer Medien" ausgerufen.

Heute erfahren die Medien größere Freiheit. Verschiedene ägyptische Talk-Shows wie "90 Minutes" und "Al-Ashera Masa'an" werden auf Privatsendern ausgestrahlt, und sogar staatliche Programme wie "El-beit beitak" kritisieren offen die Regierung, was zuvor verboten war.

Besonders hier muss auf Aktualität und Richtigkeit geprüft werden (In Anbetracht der Revolution

Egyptian media are highly influential throughout the Arab World, attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control. Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right. After the Egyptian presidential election of 2005, Ahmed Selim, office director for Information Minister Anas al-Fiqi, declared an era of a "free, transparent and independent Egyptian media."

Today, the Egyptian media is experiencing greater freedom. Several Egyptian Talk shows, like 90 Minutes and Al- Ashera Masa'an, which air on private channels, and even state television programs such as El-beit beitak criticize the Government, which was previously banned.

Literatur

Die Literatur ist ein wichtiges Element des kulturellen Lebens in Ägypten; ägyptische Romanautoren und Poeten waren unter den ersten, die mir modernen Stilrichtungen der arabischen Literatur experimentierten. Die von ihnen entwickelten Formen wurden im ganzen nahen Osten nachgeahmt. Das erste moderne Buch in ägyptischer Umgangssprache "Zaynab" von Muhammed Husayn Haykal wurde 1913 veröffentlicht. Der Autor Naguib Mahfouz war der erste arabischsprachige Autor, der den Literaturnobelpreis gewann. Zu den ägyptischen Schriftstellerinnen zählen Nawal El Saadawi, die für ihren feministischen Aktivismus sehr bekannt ist, und Alifa Rifaat, die unter anderem über Frauen und Tradition schreibt.

Landessprachliche Lyrik ist wahrscheinlich das unter den Ägyptern populärste Literaturgenre, die Gattung wird besonders durch Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen und Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi vertreten. In ihrem Glauben wurden Boote von den Toten verwendet um die Sonne bei ihrem Weg um die Welt zu begleiten, der Himmel wird als "obere Gewässer" bezeichnet. In der ägyptischen Mythologie greift der schlangenförmige Gott Apophis jede Nacht das Sonnenboot an, während es die Sonne (und somit die Ordnung) am Morgen zurück zum Königreich bringt. Das Boot wird auch "Boot der Millionen genannt", da alle Götter und Seelen der gesegneten Toten eines Tages gebraucht werden, um es zu verteidigen und zu steuern.

Literature is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular. Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi, well known for her feminist activism, and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition.

Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre among Egyptians, represented by the works of Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi. In their belief, boats were used by the dead to accompany the sun around the world, as Heaven was referred to as “Upper Waters”. In Egyptian mythology, every night the serpentine god Apophis would attack the Sun Boat as it brought the sun (and as such order )back to the Kingdom in the morning. It is referred to as the “Boat of Millions” as all the gods and souls of the blessed dead may at one point or another be needed to defend or operate it.

Musik

Die ägyptische Musik ist eine reiche Mischung indigener, mediterraner, afrikanischer und westlicher Elemente. Im alten Ägypten wurden vor allem Harfen und Flöten gespielt, darunter zwei einheimische Instrumente: die Ney und der Oud. Perkussion und Vokalmusik sind schon immer ein wichtiger Teil der lokalen Musiktraditionen gewesen. Zeitgenössische ägyptische Musik führt ihre Wurzeln auf die Arbeiten etwa von Abdu-I Hamuli, Almaz und Mahumud Osman zurück; diese beeinflussten somit die bedeutenden Musiker Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab und Abdel Halim Hafez. Um 1970 nahm die Wichtigkeit der ägyptischen Popmusik für die Kultur immer weiter zu, während Folk weiterhin auf Hochzeiten und anderen Festlichkeiten gespielt wurde. Zu den prominentesten zeitgenössischen Popmusikern zählen Amr Diab und Mohamed Mounir.

{{Main|Music of Egypt}}

Upper Egyptian folk musicians from Kom Ombo.

Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. In antiquity, Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, including two indigenous instruments: the ney and the oud. Percussion and vocal music also became an important part of the local music tradition ever since. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu-l Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmud Osman, who influenced the later work of Egyptian music giants such as Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez. From the 1970s onwards, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, while Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other festivities. Some of the most prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

Festivals

In Ägypten werden viele Festivals und religiöse Volksfeste, bekannt als "mulid", gefeiert. Diese sind meist verbunden mit einem bestimmten koptischen oder sufistischen heiligen, werden aber häufig von allen Ägyptern unabhängig von Glaube und Religion gefeiert. Der Ramadan in Ägypten hat eine eigenen Note; er wird mit Musik, Lichtern (örtliche Laternen werden "fawannes" genannt) und vielen Feuern begangen, was muslimische Touristen aus der Region in das Land zieht, um das Spektakel zu betrachten. Das alte Frühlingsfest Sham el Nisim (koptisch "shom en nisim") wird seit tausenden von Jahren gefeiert, typischerweise zwischen den Monaten des ägyptischen Kalenders Paremoude (April) und Pashons (May), dem Ostersonntag folgend.

Ägypten ist eines der wagemutigsten Länder des Nahen Ostens in der Musikindustrie.

Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by all Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. Ramadan has a special flavor in Egypt, celebrated with sounds, lights (local lanterns known as fawanees) and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt during Ramadan to witness the spectacle. The ancient spring festival of Sham en Nisim (Coptic: {Coptic|Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ} shom en nisim) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the Egyptian months of Paremoude (April) and Pashons (May), following Easter Sunday.

Egypt is one of the boldest countries in the middle east in the music industry. The next generation of the Egyptian music is considered to be the rise, as the music was disrupted by some foreign influences, bad admixing, and abused oriental styles. The new arising talents starting from the late 1990s are taking over the rein now as they play different genres of many cultures. Rock And Metal music are prevailing widely in Egypt now,as much as the oriental jazz and folk music are becoming well-known now to the Egyptian and non-Egyptian fans.

Sport

Cairo International Stadium

Fußball ist der Nationalsport Ägyptens. Die bekanntesten Teams, die den Ruf von alteingesessenen regionalen Champions besitzen, sind folgende:

• Al-Ahly
• El Zamalek
• Ismaily
• El-Ittihad El-Iskandary
• El Masry

Bedeutenden Spielen gelingt es, die Straßen von Ägypten zu beleben, da der Sieg eines Teams häufig Anlass für Feierlichkeiten ist. Besonders das Spiel Al-Ahly gegen El Zamalek, auch bekannt als Cairo Derby, wird als eines der leidenschaftlichsten und auch kämpferischsten Spiele der Welt angesehen. Der BBC erwählte es als eines der härtesten Derbys der Welt. Die Ägyptische Fußballgeschichte ist umfangreich, da Fußball dort seit mehr als 100 Jahren gespielt wird. Die Nationalmannschaft Ägyptens ist den FIFA-Weltranglisten zufolge eine der weltweit Führenden. Das Land ist Gastgeber vieler afrikanischer Wettkämpfe, z. B. des Africa Cup of Nations. Obwohl sich die Nationalmannschaft Ägyptens seit 1990 nicht mehr für den FIFA World Cup qualifiziert hat, hat sie den Africa Cup of Nations unerreichte sieben mal gewonnen, zweimal in Folge 1957 und 1959 sowie dreimal in Folge 2006, 2008 und 2010, was niemals zuvor ein Team geschafft hat.

Weitere populäre Sportarten Ägyptens sind Squash und Tennis. Die Ägyptische Squash-Mannschaft nimmt seit den 1930er Jahren an internationalen Wettbewerben teil und ist für ihren leidenschaftlichen Einsatz um den Sieg bekannt. Ägyptens bester Spieler ist Amr Shabana, der viermal die Squashweltmeisterschaft gewann und insgesamt 33 Monate die Weltrangliste anführte.

Das Ägyptische Handballteam hat ferner den dritthöchsten Medaillenstand der Handball-Afrikameisterschaft.

2007 unternahm Omar Samra zusammen mit Ben Stephens (England), Victoria James (Wales) und Greg Maud (Südafrika) eine Expedition auf den Mount Everest. Diese Expedition begann am 25. März und dauerte etwas länger als sieben Wochen. Am 17. Mai um genau 09:49 Uhr nepalesischer Zeit wurde Omar Samra der erste Ägypter, der jemals den 8848 Meter erklommen hat.

Ägypten hat seit 1912 an den Olympischen Sommerspielen teilgenommen.

Football is the Popular National Sport of Egypt. Egyptian Football clubs Al-Ahly, El Zamalek, Ismaily, El-Ittihad El-Iskandary and El Masry are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions. The great rivalries keep the streets of Egypt energized as people fill the streets when their favorite team wins. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa and the world, the BBC even picked it as one of the toughest 7 derbies in the world. Egypt is rich in soccer history as soccer has been around for over 100 years. The Egyptian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. The country is home to many African championships such as the Africa Cup of Nations. While, Egypt's national team has not qualified for the FIFA World Cup since 1990, the Egyptian team won the Africa Cup Of Nations an unprecedented seven times, including two times in a row in 1957 and 1959 and an unprecedented three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010 setting a world record.

Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been known for its fierce competition in international championships since the 1930s. Amr Shabana is Egypt's best player and the winner of the world open three times and the best player of 2006.

The Egyptian Handball team also holds another record; throughout the 34 times the African Handball Nations Championship was held, Egypt won first place five times (including 2008), five times second place, four times third place, and came in fourth place twice. The team won 6th and 7th places in 1995, 1997 at the World Men's Handball Championship, and twice won 6th place at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics.

In 2007, Omar Samra joined Ben Stephens (England), Victoria James (Wales) and Greg Maud (South Africa) in putting together an expedition to climb Mount Everest from its South side. The Everest expedition began on 25 March 2007 and lasted for just over 9 weeks. On the 17 May at precisely 9:49 am Nepal time, Omar became the first and youngest Egyptian to climb 8,850m Mount Everest. He also became the first Egyptian to climb Everest from its South face, the same route taken by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tenzing in 1953.

Egypt has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games since 1912.

Baustein

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