„Macrostomum“ – Versionsunterschied

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| isbn = }}</ref> is a genus of [[Platyhelminthes]] with [[Wiktionary:worldwide|worldwide]] distribution,<ref name="seth" /><ref name="macrostomorpha" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Frederick F.|date=1954-01-01|title=Monograph of the Macrostomine Worms of Turbellaria|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3223751|journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society|volume=73|issue=2|pages=137–164|doi=10.2307/3223751}}</ref> with over a hundred species described.<ref name="seth" /> These [[hermaphroditic]], [[Wiktionary:free-living|free-living]] [[flatworm]]s are small in size, with large species reaching only about 5&nbsp;mm (e.g. ''Macrostomum tuba''). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round than flat.
| isbn = }}</ref> is a genus of [[Platyhelminthes]] with a [[Wiktionary:worldwide|worldwide]] distribution,<ref name="seth" /><ref name="macrostomorpha" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Frederick F.|date=1954-01-01|title=Monograph of the Macrostomine Worms of Turbellaria|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3223751|journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society|volume=73|issue=2|pages=137–164|doi=10.2307/3223751}}</ref> with over a hundred species described to date.<ref name="seth" /> These [[hermaphroditic]], [[Wiktionary:free-living|free-living]] [[flatworm]]s are usually small in size, with large species reaching up to 5&nbsp;mm in body length (e.g. ''Macrostomum tuba''). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round in cross-section than dorsoventrally flattened.


== Name ==
== Name ==
The term "''Macrostomum''", meaning "big-mouthed", derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] μάκρος ''makros'', "large", and στόμα, ''stoma'', mouth. Relative to other [[turbellaria]], ''Macrostomum'' species have indeed a long mouth, connected to the gut by a muscular pharynx which can expand, in certain species, to almost the width of the animal.
The term "''Macrostomum''", meaning "big-mouthed", derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] μάκρος ''makros'', "large", and στόμα, ''stoma'', mouth. Relative to other [[turbellaria]], ''Macrostomum'' species have indeed a long mouth, connected to the gut by a muscular pharynx which can expand, in certain species, to almost the width of the animal.


== <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wasik|first=Kaja|last2=Gurtowski|first2=James|last3=Zhou|first3=Xin|last4=Ramos|first4=Olivia Mendivil|last5=Delás|first5=M. Joaquina|last6=Battistoni|first6=Giorgia|last7=Demerdash|first7=Osama El|last8=Falciatori|first8=Ilaria|last9=Vizoso|first9=Dita B.|date=2015-10-06|title=Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/40/12462|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=40|pages=12462–12467|doi=10.1073/pnas.1516718112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4603488|pmid=26392545}}</ref>Ecology ==
== Ecology ==
''Macrostomum'' species inhabit different aquatic or moist environments.<ref name="seth">http://devbio.umesci.maine.edu/styler/turbellaria/turb2.php?action=1&code=2777 Turbellaria database</ref><ref name="macrostomorpha">http://macrostomorpha.info/</ref> [[Marine (ocean)|Marine]] and [[brackish]] species are often interstitial (living in the space between grains of sediment), whereas [[freshwater]] species are also frequently found associated with aquatic plants. Many of these small worms feed on unicellular [[algae]] such as [[diatom]]s, others on [[zooplankton]] or smaller [[benthic]] [[invertebrates]].<ref name="macrostomorpha" />
''Macrostomum'' species inhabit different aquatic or moist environments.<ref name="seth">http://devbio.umesci.maine.edu/styler/turbellaria/turb2.php?action=1&code=2777 Turbellaria database</ref><ref name="macrostomorpha">http://macrostomorpha.info/</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Marine (ocean)|Marine]] and [[brackish]] species are often interstitial (living in the space between grains of sediment), whereas [[freshwater]] species are also frequently found associated with aquatic plants. Many of these small worms feed on unicellular [[algae]] such as [[diatom]]s, others on [[zooplankton]] or smaller [[benthic]] [[invertebrates]].<ref name="macrostomorpha" />


== Species ==
== Species ==
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</ref> a new model organism for studies on different areas of biology, including development<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willems|first=Maxime|last2=Egger|first2=Bernhard|last3=Wolff|first3=Carsten|last4=Mouton|first4=Stijn|last5=Houthoofd|first5=Wouter|last6=Fonderie|first6=Pamela|last7=Couvreur|first7=Marjolein|last8=Artois|first8=Tom|last9=Borgonie|first9=Gaëtan|date=2009-10-16|title=Embryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano through cell lineage analysis: developmental and phylogenetic implications|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00427-009-0304-x|journal=Development Genes and Evolution|language=en|volume=219|issue=8|pages=409–417|doi=10.1007/s00427-009-0304-x|issn=0949-944X}}</ref>, bioadhesion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lengerer|first=Birgit|last2=Pjeta|first2=Robert|last3=Wunderer|first3=Julia|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Marcelo|last5=Arbore|first5=Roberto|last6=Schärer|first6=Lukas|last7=Berezikov|first7=Eugene|last8=Hess|first8=Michael W|last9=Pfaller|first9=Kristian|date=2014-02-12|title=Biological adhesion of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano relies on a duo-gland system and is mediated by a cell type-specific intermediate filament protein|url=http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/11/1/12|journal=Frontiers in Zoology|language=En|volume=11|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1742-9994-11-12|pmc=4016567|pmid=24520881}}</ref>, regeneration<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Egger|first=B.|last2=Ladurner|first2=P.|last3=Nimeth|first3=K.|last4=Gschwentner|first4=R.|last5=Rieger|first5=R.|date=2006-04-08|title=The regeneration capacity of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano—on repeated regeneration, rejuvenation, and the minimal size needed for regeneration|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00427-006-0069-4|journal=Development Genes and Evolution|language=en|volume=216|issue=10|pages=565–577|doi=10.1007/s00427-006-0069-4|issn=0949-944X|pmc=2441584|pmid=16604349}}</ref>, stem cell biology<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_5|title=The Stem Cell System of the Basal Flatworm Macrostomum lignano|last=Ladurner|first=Peter|last2=Egger|first2=Bernhard|last3=Mulder|first3=Katrien De|last4=Pfister|first4=Daniela|last5=Kuales|first5=Georg|last6=Salvenmoser|first6=Willi|last7=Schärer|first7=Lukas|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9781402082733|editor-last=Bosch|editor-first=Thomas C. G.|pages=75–94|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_5}}</ref>, ageing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mouton|first=Stijn|last2=Willems|first2=Maxime|last3=Braeckman|first3=Bart P.|last4=Egger|first4=Bernhard|last5=Ladurner|first5=Peter|last6=Schärer|first6=Lukas|last7=Borgonie|first7=Gaetan|date=2009-04-01|title=The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano: A new model organism for ageing research|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S053155650800404X|journal=Experimental Gerontology|volume=44|issue=4|pages=243–249|doi=10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.007}}</ref>, toxicology<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willems|first=Maxime|last2=Stevens|first2=An-Sofie|last3=Adriaens|first3=Els|last4=Plusquin|first4=Michelle|last5=Smeets|first5=Karen|last6=Van Goethem|first6=Freddy|last7=Vanparys|first7=Philippe|last8=Janssen|first8=Colin|last9=Remon|first9=Jean-Paul|date=2015-09-01|title=An Adult Stem Cell Proliferation Assay in the Flatworm Model Macrostomum lignano to Predict the Carcinogenicity of Compounds|url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/aivt.2015.0011|journal=Applied In Vitro Toxicology|volume=1|issue=3|pages=213–219|doi=10.1089/aivt.2015.0011|issn=2332-1512}}</ref>, genomics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wasik|first=Kaja|last2=Gurtowski|first2=James|last3=Zhou|first3=Xin|last4=Ramos|first4=Olivia Mendivil|last5=Delás|first5=M. Joaquina|last6=Battistoni|first6=Giorgia|last7=Demerdash|first7=Osama El|last8=Falciatori|first8=Ilaria|last9=Vizoso|first9=Dita B.|date=2015-10-06|title=Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/40/12462|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=40|pages=12462–12467|doi=10.1073/pnas.1516718112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4603488|pmid=26392545}}</ref>, and evolution<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schärer|first=Lukas|last2=Littlewood|first2=D. Timothy J.|last3=Waeschenbach|first3=Andrea|last4=Yoshida|first4=Wataru|last5=Vizoso|first5=Dita B.|date=2011-01-25|title=Mating behavior and the evolution of sperm design|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/4/1490|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=108|issue=4|pages=1490–1495|doi=10.1073/pnas.1013892108|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3029721|pmid=21220334}}</ref>.
</ref> a new model organism for studies on different areas of biology, including development, regeneration, stem cell biology, ageing, toxicology, genomics, and evolution.<ref>http://www.macrostomum.net/</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Version vom 4. April 2016, 14:18 Uhr

Vorlage:Italic title

Systematik

Macrostomum [1] is a genus of Platyhelminthes with a worldwide distribution,[2][3][4] with over a hundred species described to date.[2] These hermaphroditic, free-living flatworms are usually small in size, with large species reaching up to 5 mm in body length (e.g. Macrostomum tuba). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round in cross-section than dorsoventrally flattened.

Name

The term "Macrostomum", meaning "big-mouthed", derives from the Greek μάκρος makros, "large", and στόμα, stoma, mouth. Relative to other turbellaria, Macrostomum species have indeed a long mouth, connected to the gut by a muscular pharynx which can expand, in certain species, to almost the width of the animal.

[5]Ecology

Macrostomum species inhabit different aquatic or moist environments.[2][3][4] Marine and brackish species are often interstitial (living in the space between grains of sediment), whereas freshwater species are also frequently found associated with aquatic plants. Many of these small worms feed on unicellular algae such as diatoms, others on zooplankton or smaller benthic invertebrates.[3]

Species

This genus includes Macrostomum lignano,[6] a new model organism for studies on different areas of biology, including development[7], bioadhesion[8], regeneration[9], stem cell biology[10], ageing[11], toxicology[12], genomics[13], and evolution[14].

References

Vorlage:Reflist

External links

  1. ↑ Vorlage:Citation
  2. ↑ a b c http://devbio.umesci.maine.edu/styler/turbellaria/turb2.php?action=1&code=2777 Turbellaria database
  3. ↑ a b c http://macrostomorpha.info/
  4. ↑ a b Frederick F. Ferguson: Monograph of the Macrostomine Worms of Turbellaria. In: Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 73. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1. Januar 1954, S. 137–164, doi:10.2307/3223751 (jstor.org).
  5. ↑ Kaja Wasik, James Gurtowski, Xin Zhou, Olivia Mendivil Ramos, M. Joaquina Delás, Giorgia Battistoni, Osama El Demerdash, Ilaria Falciatori, Dita B. Vizoso: Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112. Jahrgang, Nr. 40, 6. Oktober 2015, ISSN 0027-8424, S. 12462–12467, doi:10.1073/pnas.1516718112, PMID 26392545, PMC 4603488 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, pnas.org).
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Citation
  7. ↑ Maxime Willems, Bernhard Egger, Carsten Wolff, Stijn Mouton, Wouter Houthoofd, Pamela Fonderie, Marjolein Couvreur, Tom Artois, Gaëtan Borgonie: Embryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano through cell lineage analysis: developmental and phylogenetic implications. In: Development Genes and Evolution. 219. Jahrgang, Nr. 8, 16. Oktober 2009, ISSN 0949-944X, S. 409–417, doi:10.1007/s00427-009-0304-x (englisch, springer.com).
  8. ↑ Birgit Lengerer, Robert Pjeta, Julia Wunderer, Marcelo Rodrigues, Roberto Arbore, Lukas Schärer, Eugene Berezikov, Michael W Hess, Kristian Pfaller: Biological adhesion of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano relies on a duo-gland system and is mediated by a cell type-specific intermediate filament protein. In: Frontiers in Zoology. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 12. Februar 2014, doi:10.1186/1742-9994-11-12, PMID 24520881, PMC 4016567 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, frontiersinzoology.com).
  9. ↑ B. Egger, P. Ladurner, K. Nimeth, R. Gschwentner, R. Rieger: The regeneration capacity of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano—on repeated regeneration, rejuvenation, and the minimal size needed for regeneration. In: Development Genes and Evolution. 216. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 8. April 2006, ISSN 0949-944X, S. 565–577, doi:10.1007/s00427-006-0069-4, PMID 16604349, PMC 2441584 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, springer.com).
  10. ↑ Peter Ladurner, Bernhard Egger, Katrien De Mulder, Daniela Pfister, Georg Kuales, Willi Salvenmoser, Lukas Schärer: The Stem Cell System of the Basal Flatworm Macrostomum lignano. Hrsg.: Thomas C. G. Bosch. Springer Netherlands, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4020-8273-3, S. 75–94, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_5 (englisch, springer.com).
  11. ↑ Stijn Mouton, Maxime Willems, Bart P. Braeckman, Bernhard Egger, Peter Ladurner, Lukas Schärer, Gaetan Borgonie: The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano: A new model organism for ageing research. In: Experimental Gerontology. 44. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1. April 2009, S. 243–249, doi:10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.007 (sciencedirect.com).
  12. ↑ Maxime Willems, An-Sofie Stevens, Els Adriaens, Michelle Plusquin, Karen Smeets, Freddy Van Goethem, Philippe Vanparys, Colin Janssen, Jean-Paul Remon: An Adult Stem Cell Proliferation Assay in the Flatworm Model Macrostomum lignano to Predict the Carcinogenicity of Compounds. In: Applied In Vitro Toxicology. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1. September 2015, ISSN 2332-1512, S. 213–219, doi:10.1089/aivt.2015.0011 (liebertpub.com).
  13. ↑ Kaja Wasik, James Gurtowski, Xin Zhou, Olivia Mendivil Ramos, M. Joaquina Delás, Giorgia Battistoni, Osama El Demerdash, Ilaria Falciatori, Dita B. Vizoso: Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112. Jahrgang, Nr. 40, 6. Oktober 2015, ISSN 0027-8424, S. 12462–12467, doi:10.1073/pnas.1516718112, PMID 26392545, PMC 4603488 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, pnas.org).
  14. ↑ Lukas Schärer, D. Timothy J. Littlewood, Andrea Waeschenbach, Wataru Yoshida, Dita B. Vizoso: Mating behavior and the evolution of sperm design. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 25. Januar 2011, ISSN 0027-8424, S. 1490–1495, doi:10.1073/pnas.1013892108, PMID 21220334, PMC 3029721 (freier Volltext) – (englisch, pnas.org).
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