„Yakima Fold Belt“ – Versionsunterschied

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The '''Yakima Fold Belt''', also called the '''Yakima [[Fold and thrust belt|fold-and-thrust belt]]''', is a {{convert|14000|km2|adj=on|abbr=on}} structural-tectonic [[Province (geology)|sub province]] of the western [[Columbia Plateau]] Province, developed since c. 10.5 [[Megaannum|Ma]].{{sfn|Barnett|Sherrod|Norris|Gibbons|2013}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}}{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003}}
⚫
#REDIRECT [[Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)#Yakima Folds]]


==Geology==
{{R to section}}
It is the central portion of the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]], referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW),{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989|p=248|ps= "The central part of ... [the] [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]] (OWL) passes through the central Yakima fold belt. This segment of the OWL is referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW)..."}} consising of a series of generally east-trending narrow asymmetrical [[anticline|anticlinal]] ridges and broad [[syncline|synclinal]] valleys formed by folding of [[Miocene]] [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River basalt]] flows and sediments.{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}} In most parts of the belt the folds have a north [[Vergence (geology)|vergence]] with the steep limb typically faulted by imbricate [[thrust fault]]s.{{sfn|Lidke|2002}} Fold lengths range from 1 km to 100 km with wavelengths from several kilometers to 20 km.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=91}}

A [[graben]] underlies nearly the entire Yakima Fold Belt and has been subsiding since [[Eocene]] time, and continues to sink at a slow rate.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=95}}

==Location==
The northern boundary is the Ice Harbor [[Dike (geology)|dike]] in the [[Saddle Mountains]];{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=95}} the southern boundary is the [[Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)|Blue Mountains]] of Oregon-Washington.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=95}} Hills and ridges included in the fold belt include [[Columbia Hills]], [[Frenchman Hills]], [[Saddle Mountains]], [[Umtanum Ridge]], [[Yakima Ridge]], [[Rattlesnake Hills]], and [[Horse Heaven Hills]].{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=91}}

==Geodesy==
[[Geodesy|Geodetic studies]] show that [[Oregon]] is rotating about a point somewhat south of [[Lewiston, Idaho]] compressing the Yakima fold an average of 3 millimeters per year, and the Washington Pacific coast about 7 millimeters per year.{{sfn|Wells|Blakely|Sherrod|Weaver|2009|ps= "...folding in the embayment is driven by the clockwise rotation of Oregon about a pole near the OR-WA-ID border, compressing Washington against slow-moving Canada. The folds fan westward from this pole of rotation, and shortening increases to the west to about 7.1 mm/yr between Astoria and Penticton, BC. Shortening across the YFB is about 3 mm/yr and decreases eastward to the Idaho border."}}

Studies of the motion of the Yakima Fold Belt have been undertaken to evaluate seismic hazards at the [[Hanford Site]].{{sfn|Last|Winsor||Unwin|2012}}

==See also==
⚫
* [[Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)#Yakima Folds]] bioregion

==Notes and sources==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{citation|title=Paleoseismology of a newly discovered scarp in the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, Kittitas County, Washington|year=2013|last1=Barnett|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Sherrod|first2=Brian L.|last3=Norris|first3=Robert|last4=Gibbons|first4=Douglas|id=USGS Scientific Investigations Map: 3212|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3212}}
*{{citation|title=A Summary of Information on the Behavior of the Yakima Fold Belt as a Structural Entity -- Topical Report|last1=Last|first1=George V.|last2=Winsor|first2=Kelsey|last3=Unwin|first3=Stephen D.|date=August 1, 2012|id=OSTI ID: 1053763 / report number PNNL-17471 830403000|publisher=United States Department of Energy [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]]|url=http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1053763}}
*{{citation|last1=Lidke|first1=D.J., compiler|year=2002|title=Fault number 562b, Saddle Mountains structures, folds and other faults of the Saddle Mountains|work=Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey website|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults|accessdate=2014-08-19}}
*{{citation|last1=Reidel |first1=SP|first2=KR |last2=Fecht|first3=MC |last3=Hagood|first4=TL |last4=Tolan|year=1989|title=The Geologic Evolution of the Central Columbia Plateau, in Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province|publisher=Geological Society of America|id=Special Paper 239|pages=247-264|location=Boulder, Colorado|ISBN=9780813722399|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ODVkniB3e7AC&pg=PA247}}
*{{citation|title=The Columbia River flood basalts and the Yakima fold belt|last1=Reidel|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Martin|first2=Barton S.|last3=Petcovic|first3=Heather L. |page=91|work=Western Cordillera and Adjacent Areas: Volume 4 of Geological Society of America Field Guide|editor=Terry W Swanson|publisher=Geological Society of America|year=2003|ISBN=9780813700045|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JpO0Gq0mdkQC&pg=PA91}}
*{{citation|last1=Wells |first1=R E|first2=R J |last2=Blakely|first3=B L |last3=Sherrod|first4=C S |last4=Weaver|year=2009|title=The Yakima Fold and Thrust Belt - a paradigm for active shortening in the Columbia embayment from Pasco to the Pacific Ocean|publisher=American Geophysical Union|work=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting|id=abstract S41F-01|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.S41F..01W}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|work=Digital Atlas of Idaho: Digital Geology of Idano|title=Columbia River Basalt Province Unit |date=c. April 2007|first1=Kristen |last1=Straub |first2=Paul |last2=Link|publisher=Idaho State University, Dept. of Geosciences|url=http://geology.isu.edu/Digital_Geology_Idaho/Module10/mod10.htm}}<!-- date estimated from Wayback Machine--> — includes flythrough animations

{{Washington State hills and ridges}}

[[Category:Geology of Washington (state)]]

Version vom 20. August 2014, 03:56 Uhr

The Yakima Fold Belt, also called the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, is a Vorlage:Convert structural-tectonic sub province of the western Columbia Plateau Province, developed since c. 10.5 Ma.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

Geology

It is the central portion of the Olympic-Wallowa Lineament, referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW),Vorlage:Sfn consising of a series of generally east-trending narrow asymmetrical anticlinal ridges and broad synclinal valleys formed by folding of Miocene Columbia River basalt flows and sediments.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In most parts of the belt the folds have a north vergence with the steep limb typically faulted by imbricate thrust faults.Vorlage:Sfn Fold lengths range from 1 km to 100 km with wavelengths from several kilometers to 20 km.Vorlage:Sfn

A graben underlies nearly the entire Yakima Fold Belt and has been subsiding since Eocene time, and continues to sink at a slow rate.Vorlage:Sfn

Location

The northern boundary is the Ice Harbor dike in the Saddle Mountains;Vorlage:Sfn the southern boundary is the Blue Mountains of Oregon-Washington.Vorlage:Sfn Hills and ridges included in the fold belt include Columbia Hills, Frenchman Hills, Saddle Mountains, Umtanum Ridge, Yakima Ridge, Rattlesnake Hills, and Horse Heaven Hills.Vorlage:Sfn

Geodesy

Geodetic studies show that Oregon is rotating about a point somewhat south of Lewiston, Idaho compressing the Yakima fold an average of 3 millimeters per year, and the Washington Pacific coast about 7 millimeters per year.Vorlage:Sfn

Studies of the motion of the Yakima Fold Belt have been undertaken to evaluate seismic hazards at the Hanford Site.Vorlage:Sfn

See also

Notes and sources

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Vorlage:Washington State hills and ridges

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