„Bipalium“ – Versionsunterschied

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== Feeding habits ==
== Feeding habits ==
''Bipalium'' species are [[predatory]]. Some species prey on [[earthworm]]s, while others feed on mollusks.<ref>Ogren, R.E. 1995. Predation behaviour of land planarians. Hydrobiologia 305: 105-111.</ref><ref name="Ducey07" /> It has been shown that the flatworms can track their prey.<ref>{{Cite DOI|10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001}}</ref> When captured, earthworms will begin to react to the attack, but a [[flatworm]] uses the muscles in its body as well as sticky secretions to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape. Several studies have indicated that the planarians will cover, or cap the [[prostomium]], peristomium and anterior end to end the violent reaction by the earthworm.<ref> {{Cite DOI|10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0305:LPAPHP]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> To feed on its prey, a flatworm extends its pharynx out from its mouth on the mid-ventral portion of its body and secretes enzymes that begin digestion of the earthworm external to the flatworm. The liquefied earthworm tissues are sucked into the branching gut of the flatworm by ciliary action.<ref>Dindal, D.L. 1970. Feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian ''Bipalium adventitium''. The American Midland Naturalist 83(2): 635-637.</ref>
''Bipalium'' species are [[predatory]]. Some species prey on [[earthworm]]s, while others feed on mollusks.<ref>{{Cite DOI|10.1007/BF00036370}}</ref><ref name="Ducey07" /> It has been shown that the flatworms can track their prey.<ref>{{Cite DOI|10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001}}</ref> When captured, earthworms will begin to react to the attack, but a [[flatworm]] uses the muscles in its body as well as sticky secretions to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape. Several studies have indicated that the planarians will cover, or cap the [[prostomium]], peristomium and anterior end to end the violent reaction by the earthworm.<ref> {{Cite DOI|10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0305:LPAPHP]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> To feed on its prey, a flatworm extends its pharynx out from its mouth on the mid-ventral portion of its body and secretes enzymes that begin digestion of the earthworm external to the flatworm. The liquefied earthworm tissues are sucked into the branching gut of the flatworm by ciliary action.<ref>Dindal, D.L. 1970. Feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian ''Bipalium adventitium''. The American Midland Naturalist 83(2): 635-637.</ref>


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==

Version vom 20. Januar 2013, 18:51 Uhr

Vorlage:Italicstitle

Systematik

Bipalium is a genus of large predatory land flatworms, terrestrial planarians. They are often loosely called "hammerhead worms" or "broadhead planarians" because of the distinctive shape of their head region. Land planarians are unique in that they possess a "creeping sole" on their ventral side.[1] Several species are considered as invasive to the United States[2] and to Europe.[3] Some studies have begun the investigation of the evolutionary ecology of these invasive planarians.[4]

Feeding habits

Bipalium species are predatory. Some species prey on earthworms, while others feed on mollusks.[5][6] It has been shown that the flatworms can track their prey.[7] When captured, earthworms will begin to react to the attack, but a flatworm uses the muscles in its body as well as sticky secretions to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape. Several studies have indicated that the planarians will cover, or cap the prostomium, peristomium and anterior end to end the violent reaction by the earthworm.[8] To feed on its prey, a flatworm extends its pharynx out from its mouth on the mid-ventral portion of its body and secretes enzymes that begin digestion of the earthworm external to the flatworm. The liquefied earthworm tissues are sucked into the branching gut of the flatworm by ciliary action.[9]

Reproduction

Reproduction in Bipalium may be asexual or sexual and all species are hermaphroditic. B. adventitium reproduces sexually and creates egg capsules, which hatch around 3 weeks post-deposition. The egg capsules have a tough exterior and generally contain multiple juveniles.[4] B. kewense have rarely been observed using egg capsules as a primary method of reproduction. Asexual fragmentation is the main reproductive strategy in B. kewense in temperate regions.[10] Juveniles of this species, unlike B. adventitium, do not appear the same coloration as parents in their early days.[11]

Taxonomy

The genus Bipalium is one of four genera in the subfamily Bipaliinae, within the family Geoplanidae. Other genera include Diversibipalium, Novibipalium and Humbertium.[12]

Invasive species

Video of a Bipalium sp. from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

There is very little known about the ecology of terrestrial planarians, however research has been done on different genera and species, including several native and invasive species in Brazil,[13] Arthurdendyus triangulatus,[14] Rhynchodemus [15] and Bipalium.[16] Currently, there are four known invasive species to the United States: B. adventitium, B. kewense, B. pennsylvanicum and B. vagum.[6] It is believed that these planarians came to the US on horticultural plants.

Individual Bipalium adventitium are characterized by a single dark dorsal stripe. They were first discovered in the US in California and New York[17] but have been found in Illinois[18] as well as most northern states[4] Bipalium kewense have five dark dorsal stripes and a partial dark collar. They have undergone several name changes since their discovery in North America. B. kewense is commonly found across the southern regions of the US.[11] B. kewense is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. [10] Bipalium pennsylvanicum is characterized by its dark brown head and three dorsal stripes. Thus far it has only been found in Pennsylvania.[19] Bipalium vagum is characterized by two dark dorsal blotches on the head, a thick black band around the neck and three dark dorsal stripes. This species has recently been found in several Gulf Coast states.[6]

References

Vorlage:Reflist http://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/landscape/others/ent-1004/ very common in Texas.

External links

  1. ↑ Curtis, S.K., R.R. Cowden, J.D. Moore, and J.L. Robertson. 1983. Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of land planarian Bipalium adventitium. J. of Morphology 175: 171-194.
  2. ↑ Ogren, R.E. 1985. The human factor in the spread of an exotic land planarian in Pennsylvania. Proc. of the Penn. Acad. of Sci. 59: 117-118.
  3. ↑ Filella-Subira, E. (1983). «Nota sobre la presència de la planària terrestre Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 a Catalunya». Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat., 49: 151
  4. ↑ a b c Vorlage:Cite DOI
  5. ↑ Vorlage:Cite DOI
  6. ↑ a b c Ducey, P. K., M. McCormick, and E. Davidson. 2007. Natural history observations on Bipalium cf. vagum Jones and Sterrer, 2005 (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to North America. Southeastern Naturalist.
  7. ↑ Vorlage:Cite DOI
  8. ↑ Vorlage:Cite DOI
  9. ↑ Dindal, D.L. 1970. Feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian Bipalium adventitium. The American Midland Naturalist 83(2): 635-637.
  10. ↑ a b Winsor, L. 1983. A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola). Zool. J. of the Linnean Soc. 79: 61-100.
  11. ↑ a b Vorlage:Cite DOI
  12. ↑ Vorlage:Cite doi
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Cite DOI
  14. ↑ Jones, H. D. and B. Boag. 2001. The invasion of New Zealand flatworms. Glasgow Naturalist 23(supplement):77-83.
  15. ↑ Ogren, R.E. 1955. Ecological observations on the occurrence of Rhynchodemus, a terrestrial turbellarian. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 74: 54-60.
  16. ↑ Ducey, P. K., and S. Noce. 1998. Successful invasion of New York State by the terrestrial flatworm, Bipalium adventitium. Northeastern Naturalist 5(3):199-206.
  17. ↑ Hyman, L.H. 1954. Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature. American Museum Novitates (1667): 1-21.
  18. ↑ Zaborski, E. 2002. Observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida :Terricola) from Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 148: 401-408.
  19. ↑ Ogren, R.E. 1987. Description of a new three-lined planarian of the genus Bipalium (Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 106(1): 21-30.
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