Identifier: traillsocialengl06trai (find matches)
Title: Social England : a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day
Year: 1901 (1900s)
Authors: Traill, H. D. (Henry Duff), 1842-1900 Mann, James Saumarez, 1851-
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Publisher: New York : Putnam
Contributing Library: University of California Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Internet Archive

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e generalisations are of a reallyscientific kind. Whether accepted or not, many of them havebecome familiar in current thought, and have had a decidedlystimulating efiect. During the nineteenth century biology fully kept pace with the thomasother sciences in the process of specialisation. In particular, taker.much advance was made in botany. The earlier years were Biology,occupied with the introduction of the natural systemvariously modified, and the displacement by it of the artificial(1 Best remembLMvil. perliaiis, as a political economist.) 424 THE RULE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. (1846 system of Linnaeus. The services of Robert Brown in thisrespect were referred to in Yohnne V., p. 754. John Lindley(1799-1865), Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785-18(35), andGeorge Bentham, a nephew of Jeremy Bentham, carried forwardthe movement. Lindlejs Introduction to the Natural Systemof Botany appeared in 1S30. Sir William Hooker, like Lindley,was the author of an extensive series of works on sjstematic
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JOII.V Ll.XULEY, AFTER .1. II. .MACLIRE.(Ly permi$$iun o/ the Jioyal IlortU-iiUural ,Sociely.) hotany. Several of them deal with mosses and ferns and othercryptogamic plants. In the investigations of cryptogamic botanygreat progress lias been made. This class of investigations is ofpeculiar im))ortancc as a comparative study; for the forms ofplants described collectively as cryptogamic are extremelyvarious in type, and display a number of transitional structuresby whicli intervals of organisation that at first seemed impassableare bridged over. This is of interest in relation to the doctrineof evolution, the establishment of which is the advance in bio-logical generalisation by which the century is distinguished. BIOLOGY. 425 1865) In connection with the name of Sir Wilhain Hooker, hisfoundation of the lierbarium at Kew must be referred to-In 1840 he took charge of the Botanical Gardens there.The preparation for his special work was made by botanical

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