„Weinroter Schuppen-Röhrling“ – Versionsunterschied

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen
Versionsgeschichte interaktiv durchsuchen
[ungesichtete Version][ungesichtete Version]
← Zum vorherigen VersionsunterschiedZum nächsten Versionsunterschied →
Inhalt gelöscht Inhalt hinzugefügt
VisuellWikitext
formatting
imported>Citation bot
K Citation maintenance. [119]Added: doi, pmid. Formatted: issue. Materialscientist
Zeile 36: Zeile 36:
== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==


''S. spraguei'' has had a complex [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history. Although the first specimen was originally collected in [[New England]] in 1856 by [[Charles James Sprague]], a formal scientific description was not published until 1872 when American mycologist [[Charles Horton Peck]] named the species ''Boletus pictus''. In another publication that same year, [[Miles Joseph Berkeley]] and [[Moses Ashley Curtis]] called it ''Boletus spraguei''— the species name an homage to the original collector. Berkeley and Curtis also described what they believed to be a new species they named ''Boletus murraii'', although this was later considered to be merely a younger version of their ''Boletus spraguei''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singer R|year=1945 |title=The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae) |journal=Farlowia |volume=2 |pages=223–303}}</ref> Although Peck's description appeared in 1873, investigation of the date stamp on the original document revealed that he had sent his documents to the printer prior to the appearance of the Berkeley and Curtis publication, thus establishing priority under the complex rules of fungal taxonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Snell WH|year= 1945|title=Notes on Boletes. VII |journal=Mycologia |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=374–88}}</ref> However, in 1945 it was reported that this name was illegitimate, as it was already being used for a [[polypore]] mushroom described by [[Carl Friedrich Schultze]] in 1806, and the name was switched to ''Boletinus pictus''.
''S. spraguei'' has had a complex [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history. Although the first specimen was originally collected in [[New England]] in 1856 by [[Charles James Sprague]], a formal scientific description was not published until 1872 when American mycologist [[Charles Horton Peck]] named the species ''Boletus pictus''. In another publication that same year, [[Miles Joseph Berkeley]] and [[Moses Ashley Curtis]] called it ''Boletus spraguei''— the species name an homage to the original collector. Berkeley and Curtis also described what they believed to be a new species they named ''Boletus murraii'', although this was later considered to be merely a younger version of their ''Boletus spraguei''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singer R|year=1945 |title=The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae) |journal=Farlowia |volume=2 |pages=223–303}}</ref> Although Peck's description appeared in 1873, investigation of the date stamp on the original document revealed that he had sent his documents to the printer prior to the appearance of the Berkeley and Curtis publication, thus establishing priority under the complex rules of fungal taxonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Snell WH|year= 1945|title=Notes on Boletes. VII |journal=Mycologia |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=374–88 |doi=10.2307/3754872}}</ref> However, in 1945 it was reported that this name was illegitimate, as it was already being used for a [[polypore]] mushroom described by [[Carl Friedrich Schultze]] in 1806, and the name was switched to ''Boletinus pictus''.


The [[specific epithet]] ''pictus'' means "painted" or "colored".<ref name="isbn0-472-85610-3">{{cite book |author=Weber NS, Smith AH|title=The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Mich |year=1980 |page=95 |isbn=0-472-85610-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&lpg=RA5-PA299&dq=Suillus%20pictus&lr=&pg=RA1-PA95#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> ''Suillus spraguei'' is [[common name|commonly known]] as the "painted slippery cap",<ref name=McKnight1987>{{cite book |author=McKnight VB, McKnight KH|title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=1987 |page= Plate 11|isbn=0-395-91090-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&lpg=RA1-PA4&dq=suillus%20pictus&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q=suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> the "painted suillus", or the "red and yellow suillus".<ref name=Russell2009>{{cite book |title=Field guide to wild mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic|author=Russell B|year=2006|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|location= |isbn=978-0271028910|page=122|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vLgjr5p0XFkC&lpg=PA122&dq=suillus%20pictus&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q=suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref>
The [[specific epithet]] ''pictus'' means "painted" or "colored".<ref name="isbn0-472-85610-3">{{cite book |author=Weber NS, Smith AH|title=The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Mich |year=1980 |page=95 |isbn=0-472-85610-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TYI4f6fqrfkC&lpg=RA5-PA299&dq=Suillus%20pictus&lr=&pg=RA1-PA95#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> ''Suillus spraguei'' is [[common name|commonly known]] as the "painted slippery cap",<ref name=McKnight1987>{{cite book |author=McKnight VB, McKnight KH|title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=1987 |page= Plate 11|isbn=0-395-91090-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&lpg=RA1-PA4&dq=suillus%20pictus&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q=suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> the "painted suillus", or the "red and yellow suillus".<ref name=Russell2009>{{cite book |title=Field guide to wild mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic|author=Russell B|year=2006|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|location= |isbn=978-0271028910|page=122|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vLgjr5p0XFkC&lpg=PA122&dq=suillus%20pictus&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q=suillus%20pictus&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref>
Zeile 49: Zeile 49:
=== Microscopic characteristics ===
=== Microscopic characteristics ===


In deposit, such as with a [[spore print]], the [[basidiospore|spores]] of ''S. spraguei'' appear olive-brown in color,<ref name=Roody2003>{{cite book |author=Roody WC|title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Ky |year=2003 |page=288 |isbn=0-8131-9039-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&lpg=PA288&dq=Suillus%20spraguei&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20spraguei&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> although this changes to "clay" or "tawny-olive" after drying.<ref name= Healy2008>{{cite book |author=Healy RA, Huffman DR., Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G|title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location=Iowa City |year=2008 |page=173 |isbn=1-58729-627-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&lpg=PA173&dq=Suillus%20spraguei&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20spraguei&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Microscopically, the spores are smooth-surfaced, measuring 9–11 by 3–4.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]]; in side profile they are [[wikt:inequilateral|inequilateral]] with a suprahilar depression (an surface indentation formed where the spore attaches to the [[basidia]]), while in face view they appear [[wikt:oblong|oblong]]. The spores are not [[amyloid]], meaning that they do not absorb [[iodine]] when stained with [[Melzer's reagent]].<ref name=Miller2006/> The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are thin-walled, 4-spored, and have dimensions of 17–19 by 5–7.8&nbsp;µm. In the presence of [[potassium hydroxide]], they appear translucent ([[hyaline]]), and pale yellow to nearly hyaline in Melzer's reagent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Palm ME, Stewart EL|year=1986 |title= Typification and nomenclature of selected ''Suillus'' species|journal=Mycologia |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=325–33}}</ref>
In deposit, such as with a [[spore print]], the [[basidiospore|spores]] of ''S. spraguei'' appear olive-brown in color,<ref name=Roody2003>{{cite book |author=Roody WC|title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Ky |year=2003 |page=288 |isbn=0-8131-9039-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&lpg=PA288&dq=Suillus%20spraguei&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20spraguei&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> although this changes to "clay" or "tawny-olive" after drying.<ref name= Healy2008>{{cite book |author=Healy RA, Huffman DR., Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G|title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location=Iowa City |year=2008 |page=173 |isbn=1-58729-627-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&lpg=PA173&dq=Suillus%20spraguei&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=Suillus%20spraguei&f=false|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Microscopically, the spores are smooth-surfaced, measuring 9–11 by 3–4.5&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]]; in side profile they are [[wikt:inequilateral|inequilateral]] with a suprahilar depression (an surface indentation formed where the spore attaches to the [[basidia]]), while in face view they appear [[wikt:oblong|oblong]]. The spores are not [[amyloid]], meaning that they do not absorb [[iodine]] when stained with [[Melzer's reagent]].<ref name=Miller2006/> The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are thin-walled, 4-spored, and have dimensions of 17–19 by 5–7.8&nbsp;µm. In the presence of [[potassium hydroxide]], they appear translucent ([[hyaline]]), and pale yellow to nearly hyaline in Melzer's reagent.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Palm ME, Stewart EL|year=1986 |title= Typification and nomenclature of selected ''Suillus'' species|journal=Mycologia |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=325–33 |doi=10.2307/3793035}}</ref>


=== Edibility ===
=== Edibility ===
Zeile 61: Zeile 61:
== Habitat and distribution ==
== Habitat and distribution ==


''Suillus spraguei'' forms [[mycorrhizal|ectomycorrhizal]] relationships with five-needled [[pine]] species,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wu Q, Mueller GM, Lutzoni FM, Huang Y, Guo S|year=2000 |title=Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of eastern Asia and eastern North American disjunct ''Suillus'' species (fungi) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal RNA ITS sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=17 |pages=37–47}}</ref> a mutually beneficial relationship where the [[hypha]]e of the fungus grow around the roots of the trees, enabling the fungus to receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients. It is typically found growing in groups, or scattered under [[Pinus classification|white pine]], a grouping of trees classified in [[subgenus]] ''Strobus'' of the genus ''Pinus''. ''Suillus spraguei'' also associates with [[Red Pine]], [[Pitch Pine]], and [[Loblolly Pine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Trappe JM|year=1962 |title=Fungus Associates of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae |journal=Botanical Review |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=538–606}}</ref> In North America, fruit bodies appear earlier than most other [[bolete]]s, such as in June, although they may be found as late as October.<ref name=Russell2009/>
''Suillus spraguei'' forms [[mycorrhizal|ectomycorrhizal]] relationships with five-needled [[pine]] species,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wu Q, Mueller GM, Lutzoni FM, Huang Y, Guo S|year=2000 |title=Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of eastern Asia and eastern North American disjunct ''Suillus'' species (fungi) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal RNA ITS sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=17 |pages=37–47 |doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0812 |pmid=11020303 |issue=1}}</ref> a mutually beneficial relationship where the [[hypha]]e of the fungus grow around the roots of the trees, enabling the fungus to receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients. It is typically found growing in groups, or scattered under [[Pinus classification|white pine]], a grouping of trees classified in [[subgenus]] ''Strobus'' of the genus ''Pinus''. ''Suillus spraguei'' also associates with [[Red Pine]], [[Pitch Pine]], and [[Loblolly Pine]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Trappe JM|year=1962 |title=Fungus Associates of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae |journal=Botanical Review |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=538–606 |doi= 10.1007/BF02868758}}</ref> In North America, fruit bodies appear earlier than most other [[bolete]]s, such as in June, although they may be found as late as October.<ref name=Russell2009/>


''S.&nbsp;spraguei'' has a [[disjunct distribution]]<ref name=fieldmuseum>{{cite web |author= Wu Q, Mueller GM|title=''Suillus spraguei'' (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze – An eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunct bolete |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/botany/botany_sites/US-China_macrofungi/spraguei.html |work=Comparative Studies on the Macrofungi of China and Eastern North America |publisher=[[The Field Museum]] |date=1998 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> and has been collected in several locales in Asia, including China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chiu WF|year=1948 |title=The Boletes of Yunnan |journal=Mycologia |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=199–231}}</ref> Japan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata Y|year=1976 |title=The boletes of Hokkaido I. ''Suillus'' Micheli ex S. F. Gray m. Snell |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan |volume=17 |pages= 149–58}}</ref> and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Chen C-M, Huang H-W, Yeh K-W|year=1997|title=The boletes of Taiwan|journal=Taiwania|volume=41|issue=2|pages=154–60}}</ref> It may also be found in a number of spots in eastern North America, including Canada ([[Nova Scotia]]),<ref name=Grund1976/> Mexico ([[Coahuila]] and [[Durango]]),<ref name=fieldmuseum/> and various places in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murrill WA|year=1909 |title=The Boletaceae of North America: I |journal=Mycologia |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–18}}</ref>
''S.&nbsp;spraguei'' has a [[disjunct distribution]]<ref name=fieldmuseum>{{cite web |author= Wu Q, Mueller GM|title=''Suillus spraguei'' (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze – An eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunct bolete |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/botany/botany_sites/US-China_macrofungi/spraguei.html |work=Comparative Studies on the Macrofungi of China and Eastern North America |publisher=[[The Field Museum]] |date=1998 |accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> and has been collected in several locales in Asia, including China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chiu WF|year=1948 |title=The Boletes of Yunnan |journal=Mycologia |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=199–231 |doi=10.2307/3755085}}</ref> Japan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata Y|year=1976 |title=The boletes of Hokkaido I. ''Suillus'' Micheli ex S. F. Gray m. Snell |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan |volume=17 |pages= 149–58}}</ref> and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Chen C-M, Huang H-W, Yeh K-W|year=1997|title=The boletes of Taiwan|journal=Taiwania|volume=41|issue=2|pages=154–60}}</ref> It may also be found in a number of spots in eastern North America, including Canada ([[Nova Scotia]]),<ref name=Grund1976/> Mexico ([[Coahuila]] and [[Durango]]),<ref name=fieldmuseum/> and various places in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Murrill WA|year=1909 |title=The Boletaceae of North America: I |journal=Mycologia |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.2307/3753167}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Version vom 30. April 2010, 13:19 Uhr

Vorlage:FixBunching

Systematik

Vorlage:FixBunching Vorlage:Mycomorphbox Vorlage:FixBunching Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the Suillaceae family of mushrooms. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slippery cap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is synonymous with Suillus pictus, Boletus pictus, and several other names. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores, and a stalk that is typically covered with soft hairs or scales. This edible fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with several pine species, particularly eastern white pine. It has a disjunct distribution, and is found in eastern Asia and eastern North America.

Taxonomy

S. spraguei has had a complex taxonomic history. Although the first specimen was originally collected in New England in 1856 by Charles James Sprague, a formal scientific description was not published until 1872 when American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named the species Boletus pictus. In another publication that same year, Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis called it Boletus spraguei— the species name an homage to the original collector. Berkeley and Curtis also described what they believed to be a new species they named Boletus murraii, although this was later considered to be merely a younger version of their Boletus spraguei.[1] Although Peck's description appeared in 1873, investigation of the date stamp on the original document revealed that he had sent his documents to the printer prior to the appearance of the Berkeley and Curtis publication, thus establishing priority under the complex rules of fungal taxonomy.[2] However, in 1945 it was reported that this name was illegitimate, as it was already being used for a polypore mushroom described by Carl Friedrich Schultze in 1806, and the name was switched to Boletinus pictus.

The specific epithet pictus means "painted" or "colored".[3] Suillus spraguei is commonly known as the "painted slippery cap",[4] the "painted suillus", or the "red and yellow suillus".[5]

Description

The cap of the fruit body is Vorlage:Convert in diameter, and assumes a conic to convex shape at maturity.[6] Its surface is covered with densely matted filaments (a condition known as tomentose) that are rough and scale-like. The scales are red to brownish red, although they can discolor to a pale brown-gray in maturity. The underlying cap surface is yellow to pale yellow-orange. Unlike many other Suillus species with a sticky or slimy cap, S. spraguei is dry. The margins of the cap are curved inwards, and the as membranous veil breaks free it leaves remnants on the stem, and a whitish membrane that temporarily covers the pore surface. The flesh is yellow, but changes to brownish when injured or bruised.[6]

The pores on the underside of the cap surface are large, angular, and arranged radially

The pores on the underside of the cap are bright yellow and angular, formed by pores that extend about Vorlage:Convert deep. These pores, which have a decurrent attachment to the stem (extending down its length), will stain brown when bruised or injured. The stem is Vorlage:Convert long, and Vorlage:Convert thick, roughly cylindrical in shape, or sometimes with the bulbous bottom so as to be somewhat club-shaped.[6] The stem surface is tomentose, with scales at the top, and a ring on the upper half of the stem. Below the level on the ring the stem is fibrillose, covered with a mat of soft hairs. Its color at the top is yellow, but with wine-red to reddish brown scales below, with a pale yellow to grayish ground color; like other parts of the mushroom it stains brown when injured.[6] The flesh will turn pink and then brownish shortly after being bruised or injured.[5]

Microscopic characteristics

In deposit, such as with a spore print, the spores of S. spraguei appear olive-brown in color,[7] although this changes to "clay" or "tawny-olive" after drying.[8] Microscopically, the spores are smooth-surfaced, measuring 9–11 by 3–4.5 µm; in side profile they are inequilateral with a suprahilar depression (an surface indentation formed where the spore attaches to the basidia), while in face view they appear oblong. The spores are not amyloid, meaning that they do not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent.[9] The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are thin-walled, 4-spored, and have dimensions of 17–19 by 5–7.8 µm. In the presence of potassium hydroxide, they appear translucent (hyaline), and pale yellow to nearly hyaline in Melzer's reagent.[10]

Edibility

Suillus spraguei is an edible mushroom.[9] Its taste is not distinctive, but the odor has been described as "slightly fruity".[6] Although it turns a blackish color when cooked,[7] some consider it "choice",[3] and "among the better edibles in the genus Suillus."[7] In contrast, another source on mushrooms of Québec described the mushroom as a poor edible ("comestible médiocre"), and warned of a slightly acidic taste and disagreeable flavor.[11]

Similar species

The cap surface has scales or mats of reddish hairs; in this older specimen the scales have separated somewhat, exposing more yellow flesh underneath.

Suillus spraguei bears some resemblance to the rosy larch bolete (Suillus ochraceoroseus),[12] but the latter species has a darker spore print, a thicker stem, and grows in association with Larch.[13] S. spraguei is a popular edible among novice mushroom hunters as it is readily identifiable due to both its appearance and its association with white pine. This distinctiveness renders it unlikely to be confused with other species.[5]

Habitat and distribution

Suillus spraguei forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with five-needled pine species,[14] a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of the trees, enabling the fungus to receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients. It is typically found growing in groups, or scattered under white pine, a grouping of trees classified in subgenus Strobus of the genus Pinus. Suillus spraguei also associates with Red Pine, Pitch Pine, and Loblolly Pine.[15] In North America, fruit bodies appear earlier than most other boletes, such as in June, although they may be found as late as October.[5]

S. spraguei has a disjunct distribution[16] and has been collected in several locales in Asia, including China,[17] Japan[18] and Taiwan.[19] It may also be found in a number of spots in eastern North America, including Canada (Nova Scotia),[6] Mexico (Coahuila and Durango),[16] and various places in the United States.[20]

References

Vorlage:Reflist

External links

  1. ↑ Singer R: The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae). In: Farlowia. 2. Jahrgang, 1945, S. 223–303.
  2. ↑ Snell WH: Notes on Boletes. VII. In: Mycologia. 37. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1945, S. 374–88, doi:10.2307/3754872.
  3. ↑ a b Weber NS, Smith AH: The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich 1980, ISBN 0-472-85610-3, S. 95 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  4. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH: A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1987, ISBN 0-395-91090-0, S. Plate 11 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  5. ↑ a b c d Russell B: Field guide to wild mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-271-02891-0, S. 122 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Grund DW, Harrison AK: Nova Scotian Boletes. J. Cramer, Germany 1976, ISBN 3-7682-1062-6.
  7. ↑ a b c Roody WC: Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky 2003, ISBN 0-8131-9039-8, S. 288 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  8. ↑ Healy RA, Huffman DR., Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G: Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 2008, ISBN 1-58729-627-6, S. 173 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  9. ↑ a b Miller HR, Miller OK: North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Falcon Guide, Guilford, Conn 2006, ISBN 0-7627-3109-5, S. 359 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  10. ↑ Palm ME, Stewart EL: Typification and nomenclature of selected Suillus species. In: Mycologia. 78. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1986, S. 325–33, doi:10.2307/3793035.
  11. ↑ Lamoureux Y: Connaître, cueillir et cuisiner les champignons sauvages du Québec. Fides INC., 2005, ISBN 978-2-7621-2617-4, S. 134 (französisch, google.ca [abgerufen am 25. Oktober 2009]).
  12. ↑ Given in the source as Fuscoboletinus ochraceoroseus, but this species has since been transferred to the genus Suillus. See Suillus ochraceoroseus at Index Fungorum.
  13. ↑ Arora D: Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Calif 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4, S. 507 (google.com [abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2009]).
  14. ↑ Wu Q, Mueller GM, Lutzoni FM, Huang Y, Guo S: Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of eastern Asia and eastern North American disjunct Suillus species (fungi) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal RNA ITS sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2000, S. 37–47, doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0812, PMID 11020303.
  15. ↑ Trappe JM: Fungus Associates of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae. In: Botanical Review. 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1962, S. 538–606, doi:10.1007/BF02868758.
  16. ↑ a b Wu Q, Mueller GM: Suillus spraguei (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze – An eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunct bolete. In: Comparative Studies on the Macrofungi of China and Eastern North America. The Field Museum, 1998, abgerufen am 2. Oktober 2009.
  17. ↑ Chiu WF: The Boletes of Yunnan. In: Mycologia. 40. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1948, S. 199–231, doi:10.2307/3755085.
  18. ↑ Murata Y: The boletes of Hokkaido I. Suillus Micheli ex S. F. Gray m. Snell. In: Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 17. Jahrgang, 1976, S. 149–58.
  19. ↑ Chen C-M, Huang H-W, Yeh K-W: The boletes of Taiwan. In: Taiwania. 41. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1997, S. 154–60.
  20. ↑ Murrill WA: The Boletaceae of North America: I. In: Mycologia. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1909, S. 4–18, doi:10.2307/3753167.
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weinroter_Schuppen-Röhrling&oldid=144128366“