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== IODP funding and operations ==
== IODP funding and operations ==
IODP uses multiple drilling platforms (''[[JOIDES Resolution]]'', ''[[Chikyū|Chikyu]]'', and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), Japan's [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT), and the [http://www.ecord.org/ European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling] (ECORD), alongside the [[Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China]] (MOST), [http://english.kigam.re.kr/html/en/ Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources] (KIGAM), [http://iodp.org.au/ Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium] (ANZIC), India [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Ministry of Earth Science]] (MoES), and [[Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior|Brazil’s Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel]] (CAPES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of 26 countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.org/project-updates/scientific-ocean-drilling-charts-new-course|title=Scientific Ocean Drilling Charts a New Course – Eos|website=Eos|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/11/international-ocean-drilling-follow-simpler-structure|title=International Ocean Drilling to Follow Simpler Structure|website=www.sciencemag.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>
IODP uses multiple drilling platforms (''[[JOIDES Resolution]]'', ''[[Chikyū|Chikyu]]'', and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), Japan's [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT), and the [http://www.ecord.org/ European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling] (ECORD), alongside the [[Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China]] (MOST), [http://english.kigam.re.kr/html/en/ Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources] (KIGAM), [http://iodp.org.au/ Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium] (ANZIC), India [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Ministry of Earth Science]] (MoES), and [[Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior|Brazil’s Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel]] (CAPES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.org/project-updates/scientific-ocean-drilling-charts-new-course|title=Scientific Ocean Drilling Charts a New Course – Eos|website=Eos|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/11/international-ocean-drilling-follow-simpler-structure|title=International Ocean Drilling to Follow Simpler Structure|website=www.sciencemag.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>


IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program’s science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board (''JOIDES Resolution'' Facility Board, ''Chikyu'' IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling.
IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program’s science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board (''JOIDES Resolution'' Facility Board, ''Chikyu'' IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling.


⚫
IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iodp.org/principles-of-scientific-investigation|title=Principles of Scientific Investigation – IODP|last=|first=|website=iodp.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> IODP’s open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses.
⚫
== Outcomes ==
⚫
IODP expeditions have investigated past climate and ocean conditions, [[monsoon]] systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of [[continental crust]] and ocean basins, the role of [[Serpentinite|serpentinization]] in driving [[Hydrothermal vent|hydrothermal systems]], and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere. IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iodp.org/principles-of-scientific-investigation|title=Principles of Scientific Investigation – IODP|last=|first=|website=iodp.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> IODP’s open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses.


[[core sample|Cores]] collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iodp.org/repositories|title=Repositories – IODP|last=|first=|website=iodp.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>
[[core sample|Cores]] collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iodp.org/repositories|title=Repositories – IODP|last=|first=|website=iodp.org|access-date=2016-03-07}}</ref>

⚫
== Outcomes ==
IODP expeditions have investigated a wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, [[monsoon]] systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of [[continental crust]] and ocean basins, [[Extinction event|major extinction events]], the role of [[Serpentinite|serpentinization]] in driving [[Hydrothermal vent|hydrothermal systems]], and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere.

An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with [[Project Mohole]] – drilling and sampling across the [[Mohorovičić discontinuity]] (Moho) and into the upper part of Earth’s mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the [[Southwest Indian Ridge]] at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an [[oceanic core complex]]. Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to the site in the coming years to continue the research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacLeod|first=C. J.|last2=Dick|first2=H. J.|last3=Blum|first3=P.|last4=Expedition 360 Scientists|first4=I.|date=2016-02-01|title=The Nature of the Intrusive Crust and Moho at Slower Spreading Ridges: SloMo Leg 1 (IODP Expedition 360)|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23F..01M|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|volume=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/decades-long-quest-drill-earths-mantle-may-soon-hit-pay-dirt-180957908/|title=A Decades-Long Quest to Drill Into Earth's Mantle May Soon Hit Pay Dirt|last=Perkins|first=Sid|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2017-07-23|language=en}}</ref>

Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the [[Chicxulub crater|Chicxulub impact crater]], which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of the collected samples and data shows that the asteroid’s impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of the how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/update-drilling-dinosaur-killing-impact-crater-explains-buried-circular-hills|title=Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills|date=2016-05-02|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2017-07-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/how-ring-mountains-forms-inside-crater|title=How a ring of mountains forms inside a crater|last=Sumner|first=Thomas|date=2016-11-17|work=Science News|access-date=2017-07-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/05/18/why-these-researchers-think-dinosaurs-were-minutes-away-from-surviving-extinction/?utm_term=.073dbcf18648|title=Why these researchers think dinosaurs were minutes away from surviving extinction|last=Holley|first=Peter|date=|website=Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies the processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] though the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment’s minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for a larger than previously expected earthquake to occur.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hüpers|first=Andre|last2=Torres|first2=Marta E.|last3=Owari|first3=Satoko|last4=McNeill|first4=Lisa C.|last5=Dugan|first5=Brandon|last6=Henstock|first6=Timothy J.|last7=Milliken|first7=Kitty L.|last8=Petronotis|first8=Katerina E.|last9=Backman|first9=Jan|date=2017-05-26|title=Release of mineral-bound water prior to subduction tied to shallow seismogenic slip off Sumatra|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6340/841|journal=Science|language=en|volume=356|issue=6340|pages=841–844|doi=10.1126/science.aal3429|issn=0036-8075|pmid=28546210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-drill-deep-sumatra-earthquake-severe.html|title=Researchers drill deep to understand why the Sumatra earthquake was so severe|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref>

IODP’s early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system. Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing the chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region’s climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/india%E2%80%99s-monsoon-winds-trace-back-nearly-13-million-years|title=India’s monsoon winds trace back nearly 13 million years|last=Sumner|first=Thomas|date=2016-08-24|work=Science News|access-date=2017-07-23|language=en}}</ref>

Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP’s core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into the Earth’s climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum]] or anytime during the past 66 million years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/03/21/what-were-doing-to-the-earth-has-no-parallel-in-66-million-years-scientists-say/|title=What we’re doing to the Earth has no parallel in 66 million years, scientists say|last=https://www.facebook.com/chriscmooney|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeebe|first=Richard E.|last2=Ridgwell|first2=Andy|last3=Zachos|first3=James C.|date=April 2016|title=Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during the past 66 million years|url=http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v9/n4/full/ngeo2681.html|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=325–329|doi=10.1038/ngeo2681|issn=1752-0894}}</ref> And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that [[Slow earthquake|slow slip earthquakes]] are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone’s energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Araki|first=Eiichiro|last2=Saffer|first2=Demian M.|last3=Kopf|first3=Achim J.|last4=Wallace|first4=Laura M.|last5=Kimura|first5=Toshinori|last6=Machida|first6=Yuya|last7=Ide|first7=Satoshi|last8=Davis|first8=Earl|last9=Scientists|first9=IODP Expedition 365 shipboard|date=2017-06-16|title=Recurring and triggered slow-slip events near the trench at the Nankai Trough subduction megathrust|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6343/1157|journal=Science|language=en|volume=356|issue=6343|pages=1157–1160|doi=10.1126/science.aan3120|issn=0036-8075|pmid=28619941}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=242184&org=NSF&from=news|title=Slow earthquakes in ocean subduction zones shed light on tsunami risk {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref>


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Version vom 23. Juli 2017, 22:17 Uhr

Vorlage:HatnoteThe International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) is an international marine research collaboration dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth through drilling, coring, and monitoring the subseafloor. The research enabled by IODP samples and data improves scientific understanding of changing climate and ocean conditions, the origins of ancient life, risks posed by geohazards, and the structure and processes of Earth’s tectonic plates and uppermost mantle. IODP began in 2013 and builds on the research of four previous scientific ocean drilling programs: Project Mohole, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[1][2] Together, these programs represent the longest running and most successful international Earth science collaboration.[3][4]

Scientific scope

The scientific scope of IODP is laid out in the program's science plan, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future. The science plan covers a 10-year period of operations and consists of a list of scientific challenges that are organized into four themes called Climate and Ocean Change, Biosphere Frontiers, Earth Connections, and Earth in Motion.[5][6] The science plan was developed by the international scientific community to identify the highest priority science for the program.[7][8]

IODP funding and operations

IODP uses multiple drilling platforms (JOIDES Resolution, Chikyu, and mission-specific platforms) to access different subseafloor environments during research expeditions. These facilities are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), alongside the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Australian-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC), India Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), and Brazil’s Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). Together, these entities represent a coalition of over two dozen countries. The IODP funding model differs from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program in that NSF, MEXT, and ECORD each manage their own drilling platform. International partners directly contribute to the operating costs of the drilling platforms in exchange for scientific participation on the expeditions and seats on the advisory panels.[9][10]

IODP expeditions are based on research proposals submitted by scientists that address the objectives described in the program’s science plan. Advisory panels of international experts then rigorously evaluate the proposal for science quality, feasibility, safety, and any environmental issues. Proposals that are determined to be of high quality are forwarded to the appropriate facility board (JOIDES Resolution Facility Board, Chikyu IODP Board, and ECORD Facility Board) for scheduling.

IODP publishes a detailed account of findings and makes all samples and cores freely available.[11] IODP’s open data policy assures global access to the information collected by the program, and it allows scientists to use data from multiple expeditions to investigate new hypotheses.

Cores collected during expeditions are stored at the IODP core repositories in Bremen, Germany (IODP Bremen Core Repository), College Station, Texas (IODP Gulf Coast Repository), and Kochi, Japan (Kochi Core Center). Scientists may visit any one of the facilities for onsite research or request a loan for teaching purposes/analysis. Archived cores include not only IODP samples, but also those retrieved by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Ocean Drilling Program, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[12]

Outcomes

IODP expeditions have investigated a wide range of Earth science topics, including past climate and ocean conditions, monsoon systems, seismogenic zones, the formation of continental crust and ocean basins, major extinction events, the role of serpentinization in driving hydrothermal systems, and the temperature limits of life in the deep biosphere.

An early outcome of the program harkens back to the original motivation for scientific ocean drilling with Project Mohole – drilling and sampling across the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and into the upper part of Earth’s mantle. Expedition 360 was the initial part a multiphase project whose goal, among others, is to directly sample the mantle for the first time. The expedition took place near the Southwest Indian Ridge at a location where the crust is particularly thin due to the formation of an oceanic core complex. Expedition 360 completed 790 meters of drilling and IODP plans to return to the site in the coming years to continue the research.[13][14]

Expedition 364 sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater, which is buried offshore near the Yucatán Peninsula. Chicxulub is the only well-preserved crater on Earth with a peak ring and was formed when an asteroid slammed into the planet 66 million years ago, killing off dinosaurs and most life on the planet. Analysis of the collected samples and data shows that the asteroid’s impact caused rocks from deep in the Earth to shoot up and form the large mountains of the peak ring in a matter of minutes. The sediments overlying the peak ring also provide a record of the how life returned to the area after the mass extinction event.[15][16][17]

In addition to studying how the Earth moves in response to impact events, IODP also studies the processes that cause earthquakes. For example, Expedition 362 brought new insight to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami though the sampling and analysis of sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone. The science team discovered that the sediment’s minerals dehydrated before reaching the subduction zone, resulting in a strong fault that allowed for a larger than previously expected earthquake to occur.[18][19]

IODP’s early climate studies focused on efforts to understand the Asian monsoon system. Expeditions 353, 354, 355, and 359 collected sediments from the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the Arabian Sea. These sediments were eroded from the land and primarily carried by rivers to the ocean, where some of the sediments have laid buried for millions of years. By analyzing the chemical and physical properties of the sediments, scientists are learning about the evolution of mountain growth, monsoonal precipitation, weathering and erosion, and climate across the region and across multiple time scales. For example, one such study discovered that the monsoonal winds that drive the region’s climate began suddenly 12.9 million years ago.[20]

Scientific studies from subseafloor instruments and IODP’s core archives, which contain samples from this and previous ocean drilling programs, are also yielding insights into the Earth’s climate and tectonic history. A study examining samples collected from around the world concluded that the rate of carbon release today is 10 times greater than during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum or anytime during the past 66 million years.[21][22] And, measurements taken in the Nankai Trough near Japan show that slow slip earthquakes are releasing about 50% of the subduction zone’s energy, which has implications for understanding tsunami hazards.[23][24]

Completed and Scheduled IODP Expeditions
Exp. 349 South China Sea Tectonics
Exp. 350 Izu Bonin Mariana: Rear Arc
Exp. 351 Izu Bonin Mariana: Arc Origins
Exp. 352 Izu Bonin Mariana: Forearc
Exp. 353 Indian Monsoon Rainfall
Exp. 354 Bengal Fan
Exp. 355 Arabian Sea Monsoon
Exp. 356 Indonesian Throughflow
Exp. 357 Atlantis Massif Seafloor Processes: Serpentinization and Life
Exp. 359 Maldives Monsoon and Sea Level
Exp. 360 SW Indian Ridge Lower Crust/Moho
Exp. 361 Southern African Climates and Agulhas Current Density Profile
Exp. 362T Transit / Hole U1473 Remediation
Exp. 362 Sumatra Seismogenic Zone
Exp. 363 Western Pacific Warm Pool
Exp. 364 Chicxulub K-T Impact Crater
Exp. 365 NanTroSEIZE: Shallow Megasplay Long-Term Borehole Monitoring System
Exp. 366 Mariana Convergent Margin
Exp. 367 South China Sea Rifted Margin A
Exp. 368 South China Sea Rifted Margin B
Exp. 369 Australia Cretaceous Climate and Tectonics
Exp. 370 Temperature Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto
Exp. 371 Tasman Frontier Subduction Initiation and Paleogene
Exp. 372 Creeping Gas Hydrate Slides and Hikurangi LWD 
Exp. 374 Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History 
Exp. 375 Hikurangi Subduction Margin Observatory
Exp. 376 Brothers Arc Flux 
Exp. 377 Arctic Ocean Paleoceanography  
Exp. 378 South Pacific Paleogene Climate
Exp. 380 NanTroSEIZE Frontal Thrust Borehole Monitoring System  
Exp. 381 Corinth Active Rift Development 

References

Vorlage:Reflist

External links

See also

  1. ↑ National Research Council: Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges. doi:10.17226/13232 (nap.edu).
  2. ↑ Discovering our oceans: A new era of ocean research drilling has dawned. In: phys.org. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  3. ↑ Earth and Life Processes Discovered from Subseafloor Environments: A Decade of Science Achieved by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Elsevier, 2014, ISBN 978-0-444-62611-0 (englisch, google.com).
  4. ↑ Drilling hit by budget woes. In: Nature News & Comment. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  5. ↑ Science Plan for 2013–2023 – IODP. In: www.iodp.org. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  6. ↑ 新十年科学大洋钻探——照亮地球的过去、现在和未来. In: www.nature.shu.edu.cn. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016 (chinesisch, 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.04.001).
  7. ↑ Ocean Drilling | NSF – National Science Foundation. In: www.nsf.gov. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  8. ↑ Scientists Set Course for Next Decade of Scientific Ocean Drilling | Ocean Leadership. In: Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  9. ↑ Scientific Ocean Drilling Charts a New Course – Eos. In: Eos. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  10. ↑ International Ocean Drilling to Follow Simpler Structure. In: www.sciencemag.org. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  11. ↑ Principles of Scientific Investigation – IODP. In: iodp.org. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  12. ↑ Repositories – IODP. In: iodp.org. Abgerufen am 7. März 2016.
  13. ↑ C. J. MacLeod, H. J. Dick, P. Blum, I. Expedition 360 Scientists: The Nature of the Intrusive Crust and Moho at Slower Spreading Ridges: SloMo Leg 1 (IODP Expedition 360). In: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 23. Jahrgang, 1. Februar 2016 (harvard.edu).
  14. ↑ Sid Perkins: A Decades-Long Quest to Drill Into Earth's Mantle May Soon Hit Pay Dirt In: Smithsonian. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 (englisch). 
  15. ↑ Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills In: Science | AAAS, 2. Mai 2016. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 (englisch). 
  16. ↑ Thomas Sumner: How a ring of mountains forms inside a crater In: Science News, 17. November 2016. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 (englisch). 
  17. ↑ Peter Holley: Why these researchers think dinosaurs were minutes away from surviving extinction. In: Washington Post.
  18. ↑ Andre Hüpers, Marta E. Torres, Satoko Owari, Lisa C. McNeill, Brandon Dugan, Timothy J. Henstock, Kitty L. Milliken, Katerina E. Petronotis, Jan Backman: Release of mineral-bound water prior to subduction tied to shallow seismogenic slip off Sumatra. In: Science. 356. Jahrgang, Nr. 6340, 26. Mai 2017, ISSN 0036-8075, S. 841–844, doi:10.1126/science.aal3429, PMID 28546210 (englisch, sciencemag.org).
  19. ↑ Researchers drill deep to understand why the Sumatra earthquake was so severe. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 
  20. ↑ Thomas Sumner: India’s monsoon winds trace back nearly 13 million years In: Science News, 24. August 2016. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 (englisch). 
  21. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/chriscmooney: What we’re doing to the Earth has no parallel in 66 million years, scientists say. In: Washington Post. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017.
  22. ↑ Richard E. Zeebe, Andy Ridgwell, James C. Zachos: Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during the past 66 million years. In: Nature Geoscience. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, April 2016, ISSN 1752-0894, S. 325–329, doi:10.1038/ngeo2681 (englisch, nature.com).
  23. ↑ Eiichiro Araki, Demian M. Saffer, Achim J. Kopf, Laura M. Wallace, Toshinori Kimura, Yuya Machida, Satoshi Ide, Earl Davis, IODP Expedition 365 shipboard Scientists: Recurring and triggered slow-slip events near the trench at the Nankai Trough subduction megathrust. In: Science. 356. Jahrgang, Nr. 6343, 16. Juni 2017, ISSN 0036-8075, S. 1157–1160, doi:10.1126/science.aan3120, PMID 28619941 (englisch, sciencemag.org).
  24. ↑ Slow earthquakes in ocean subduction zones shed light on tsunami risk | NSF - National Science Foundation. In: www.nsf.gov. Abgerufen am 23. Juli 2017 (englisch).
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