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Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar was born in [[Godhra|Godhra]], [[Gujarat|Gujarat]] in [[British Indian Empire|India]] on September 15 1897.{{rp|106}}<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" />{{rp|53}}<ref name="Contemporary Targett, Goradia, 2003">{{cite book|last1=Goradia|first1=Prafull|title=Muslim League's unfinished agenda|date=2003|publisher=Contemporary Targett|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788175253766|pages=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUtuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+Gujarati+muslim&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en-uk|format=google books (snippet view)|quote={{small|''"Jinnah Wanted All Non-Muslims To Migrate To India And All Muslims To Inhabit Pakistan. The Book Is The Story Of This Unfulfilled Dream. While Pakistan Particularly, The Western Wing Went About Ethnic Cleansing, India Failed To Encourage`Hijrat''"}}}}</ref> He was the only child of his [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-speaking]] [[Chundrigar|Chundrigar]] family, a [[Indian Muslim|Muslim community]] in [[India]].<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Chundrigar|first1=Ayesha|title=The Chundrigar Diaries|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20121123&page=26|accessdate=24 January 2018|work=Ayesha Chundrigar's memoirs|agency=The Friday Times|issue=24/41|publisher=Ayesha Chundrigar at The Friday Times|date=29 November 2012|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|language=en-pk|format=html}}</ref> From his [[Chundrigar|Chundrigra community]], he was of the [[Arabs in India|Arabian descent]].{{rp|72}}<ref> Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX page 72 Government Central Press, Bombay</ref>
Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar was born in [[Godhra|Godhra]], [[Gujarat|Gujarat]] in [[British Indian Empire|India]] on September 15 1897.{{rp|106}}<ref name="Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961" />{{rp|53}}<ref name="Contemporary Targett, Goradia, 2003">{{cite book|last1=Goradia|first1=Prafull|title=Muslim League's unfinished agenda|date=2003|publisher=Contemporary Targett|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788175253766|pages=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUtuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+Gujarati+muslim&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en-uk|format=google books (snippet view)|quote={{small|''"Jinnah Wanted All Non-Muslims To Migrate To India And All Muslims To Inhabit Pakistan. The Book Is The Story Of This Unfulfilled Dream. While Pakistan Particularly, The Western Wing Went About Ethnic Cleansing, India Failed To Encourage`Hijrat''"}}}}</ref> He was the only child of his [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-speaking]] [[Chundrigar|Chundrigar]] family, a [[Indian Muslim|Muslim community]] in [[India]].<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Chundrigar|first1=Ayesha|title=The Chundrigar Diaries|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20121123&page=26|accessdate=24 January 2018|work=Ayesha Chundrigar's memoirs|agency=The Friday Times|issue=24/41|publisher=Ayesha Chundrigar at The Friday Times|date=29 November 2012|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|language=en-pk|format=html}}</ref> From his [[Chundrigar|Chundrigra community]], he was of the [[Arabs in India|Arabian descent]].{{rp|72}}<ref> Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX page 72 Government Central Press, Bombay</ref>


Chundrigar was initially schooled in [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]] where he finished him [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]] and moved to [[Bombay]] for his higher studies. He went to attend the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] where he secured his graduation with the [[Bachelors of Arts|BA degree]] in [[Philosophy|philosophy]], and later the [[Bachelors of Law|LLB degree]] from the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] in 1929.{{rp|101}}<ref name="University of Bombay Press, 1929">{{cite book|last1=Bombay|first1=University of|title=The Bombay University Calendar|date=1929|publisher=University of Bombay Press|location=Bombay, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k4mAQAAIAAJ&dq=chundrigar+BA+degree&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=chundrigar|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)">{{cite web|last1=et.al.|first1=staff writers|title=Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar|website=www.storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|accessdate=24 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|language=en-pk|format=html|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>{{rp|111}}<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research">{{cite book|last1=Saʻīd|first1=Aḥmad|last2=Pakistan)|first2=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore|title=Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary|date=1997|publisher=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research|pages=354|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+high+court&dq=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+high+court&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwihnqGuiPDYAhVE52MKHf2JAhUQ6AEINjAD|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=google books (snippet view)|chapter={{small|Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar}}}}</ref>
Chundrigar was initially schooled in [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]] where he finished him [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]] and moved to [[Bombay]] for his higher studies. He went to attend the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] where he secured his graduation with the [[Bachelors of Arts|BA degree]] in [[Philosophy|philosophy]], and later the [[Bachelors of Law|LLB degree]] from the [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] in 1929.{{rp|101}}<ref name="University of Bombay Press, 1929">{{cite book|last1=Bombay|first1=University of|title=The Bombay University Calendar|date=1929|publisher=University of Bombay Press|location=Bombay, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1k4mAQAAIAAJ&dq=chundrigar+BA+degree&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=chundrigar|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)">{{cite web|last1=et.al.|first1=staff writers|title=Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ibrahim-ismail-chundrigar|website=www.storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|accessdate=24 January 2018|location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan|language=en-pk|format=html|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>{{rp|111}}<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research">{{cite book|last1=Saʻīd|first1=Aḥmad|last2=Pakistan)|first2=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore|title=Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary|date=1997|publisher=Institute of Pakistan Historical Research|pages=354|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+high+court&dq=Ibrahim+Chundrigar+high+court&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwihnqGuiPDYAhVE52MKHf2JAhUQ6AEINjAD|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=google books (snippet view)|chapter={{small|Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar}}}}</ref> From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]].{{rp|90}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Asia Who's Who|date=1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkVEAAAAIAAJ&dq=Chundrigar+bombay+high+court&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chundrigar+|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

⚫
From 1932 till 1937, Chundrigar began practicing [[Civil law|civil law]] at the [[High Court of Gujarat|High Court of Gujarat]] and moved to practice and read law at the [[Bombay High Court|Bombay High Court]] in 1937, where he established his reputation.{{rp|111}}<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research"/> During this time, he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.{{rp|321}}<ref name="دوست ايسوسايٹس،, Rehman, 1998">{{cite book|last1=Rehman|first1=Atta-ur-|title=تحريک پاكستان كى تصويرى داستان|date=1998|publisher=دوست ايسوسايٹس،|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan|pages=328|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K11uAAAAMAAJ&q=Chundrigar+pakistan+movement&dq=Chundrigar+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp_7ORkfDYAhUW8GMKHfBkDEkQ6AEIMzAC|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" />

In 1935, Chudrigar was represented by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] to give a response to the [[Government of India Act, 1935|Government of India Act]] introduced by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in [[British Raj|India]]. Over the role of the [[Govenor-General of India|Governor-General]] as [[Head of state|head of state]], Chundrigar notably contradicted the powers enjoyed by the Governor-General under the act introduced in 1935.{{rp|50}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Newberg, 1935">{{cite book|last1=Newberg|first1=Paula R.|title=Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Uk|isbn=9780521894401|pages=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbSeGQO3xdsC&pg=PA50&dq=chundrigar+1935+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUmbSVjfDYAhUM3FMKHeYEDCkQuwUIKjAA#v=onepage&q=chundrigar%201935%20act&f=false|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en|format=google books|chapter={{small|Constituting the State}}}}</ref>

From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read [[Indian law|law]], taking several cases on civil matters where he advocated for his clients at the [[Bombay High Court]].{{rp|90}}<ref name="Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance.1957">{{cite book|title=The Asia Who's who|date=1957|publisher=Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHNmAAAAMAAJ&dq=Chundrigar+bombay+high+court&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mem.Bombay|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement===

In 1936, Chundrigar joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and successfully participated in the [[Indian provincial elections, 1937|provincial elections]] to be elected as a member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay Legislative Assembly]] in 1937.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /><ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" /> He took over the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s provincial presidency based in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and successfully retained his member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay Assembly]] until 1946.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" />

In 1946, he was named and appointed as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce Minister]] under the [[Interim Government of India|presidential administrations]] of [[President of India|Presidents]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]] (1946) and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louise Mountbatten]] (1946-47).<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /> Chundrigar played a crucial and leading role in popularizing the [[Pakistan Movement]] in the [[British government|British administration]] in [[India]].{{rp|157}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar H.|title=Us-South Asian Relations 1940-47: American Attitudes Toward The Pakistan Movement|date=1991|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349212163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saewCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=Chundrigar+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp_7ORkfDYAhUW8GMKHfBkDEkQuwUIOTAD#v=onepage&q=Chundrigar%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|42}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lyon|first1=Peter|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576077122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA42&dq=Chundrigar+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjduPSQkvDYAhUQt1MKHaaZCME4ChC7BQhTMAk#v=onepage&q=Chundrigar%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|accessdate=24 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>



⚫
From 1932 till 1937, Chundrigar began practicing [[Civil law|civil law]] at the [[High Court of Gujarat|High Court of Gujarat]] and moved to practice and read law at the [[Bombay High Court|Bombay High Court]] in 1937, where he established his reputation.{{rp|111}}<ref name="Institute of Pakistan Historical Research"/> During this time, he became acquainted with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.<ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" /> In 1936, Chudrigar joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and successfully participated in the [[Indian provincial elections, 1937|provincial elections]] to be elected as a member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay Legislative Assembly]] in 1937.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al., 2003 (Biography)" /><ref name="The Friday Times, A. Chundrigar, 2012" />


===Political career===
I. I. Chundrigar first came to prominence when the Muslim League was to give its response to the Government of India Act 1935. He shifted to Bombay at the request of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and became President of the Bombay Provincial Muslim League in 1937. He was re-elected every year up to October 1946. That was when [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]], was asked to nominate members of the Muslim League for the Interim Government of India at the time of the transfer of power from British rule to independence. He was one of the five men nominated on behalf of the League, the other four being [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], and [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]. In the Interim Government, Chundrigar took the portfolio of Commerce.<ref>[http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm The Leader] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20090404180949/http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm |date=2009-04-04 }} at pakistan.gov.pk</ref>
I. I. Chundrigar first came to prominence when the Muslim League was to give its response to the Government of India Act 1935. He shifted to Bombay at the request of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and became President of the Bombay Provincial Muslim League in 1937. He was re-elected every year up to October 1946. That was when [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]], was asked to nominate members of the Muslim League for the Interim Government of India at the time of the transfer of power from British rule to independence. He was one of the five men nominated on behalf of the League, the other four being [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], and [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]. In the Interim Government, Chundrigar took the portfolio of Commerce.<ref>[http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm The Leader] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20090404180949/http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm |date=2009-04-04 }} at pakistan.gov.pk</ref>


Version vom 24. Januar 2018, 10:09 Uhr

Vorlage:EngvarB Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Infobox officeholder

Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar[1] (Urdu:ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر; September 15 1897[2]–September 26, 1960), best known as I. I. Chundrigar, was the sixth Prime Minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957 until being removed due to the vote of noconfidence movement on 11 December 1957.

Trained in the constitutional law from Bombay, Chundrigar's tenure is the shortest served in the parliamentary history of Pakistan, serving only for just 55 days into his term.:136[3]

Biography

Early life and law practice

Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar was born in Godhra, Gujarat in India on September 15 1897.:106[2]:53[4] He was the only child of his Gujarati-speaking Chundrigar family, a Muslim community in India.[5] From his Chundrigra community, he was of the Arabian descent.:72[6]

Chundrigar was initially schooled in Ahmedabad where he finished him matriculation and moved to Bombay for his higher studies. He went to attend the Bombay University where he secured his graduation with the BA degree in philosophy, and later the LLB degree from the Bombay University in 1929.:101[7][8]:111[9] From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.:90[10]

From 1932 till 1937, Chundrigar began practicing civil law at the High Court of Gujarat and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation.:111[9] During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.:321[11][5]

In 1935, Chudrigar was represented by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act introduced by the British government in India. Over the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar notably contradicted the powers enjoyed by the Governor-General under the act introduced in 1935.:50[12]

From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read law, taking several cases on civil matters where he advocated for his clients at the Bombay High Court.:90[13]

Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement

In 1936, Chundrigar joined the Muslim League and successfully participated in the provincial elections to be elected as a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1937.[8][5] He took over the Muslim League's provincial presidency based in Bombay, and successfully retained his member of the Bombay Assembly until 1946.[8]

In 1946, he was named and appointed as Commerce Minister under the presidential administrations of Presidents Archibald Wavell (1946) and Louise Mountbatten (1946-47).[8] Chundrigar played a crucial and leading role in popularizing the Pakistan Movement in the British administration in India.:157[14]:42[15]


I. I. Chundrigar first came to prominence when the Muslim League was to give its response to the Government of India Act 1935. He shifted to Bombay at the request of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and became President of the Bombay Provincial Muslim League in 1937. He was re-elected every year up to October 1946. That was when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League, was asked to nominate members of the Muslim League for the Interim Government of India at the time of the transfer of power from British rule to independence. He was one of the five men nominated on behalf of the League, the other four being Liaquat Ali Khan, Ghazanfar Ali Khan, Abdur Rab Nishtar, and Jogendra Nath Mandal. In the Interim Government, Chundrigar took the portfolio of Commerce.[16]

Chundrigar was appointed Minister for Trade and Commerce in the first cabinet of independent Pakistan in 1947. He later served as ambassador to Afghanistan, governor of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, governor of West Punjab, and Minister for Law.

Prime minister

After merely a year, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy resigned from his Premiership in October 1957. His resignation came as a result of the President's refusal to convene a meeting of the Parliament to seek a vote of confidence. President Iskander Mirza appointed I. I. Chundrigar as the interim Prime Minister. Being a nominated Prime Minister, Chundrigar held a weak position from the very beginning. He headed a coalition government including the Krishak Sramik Party, Nizam-i-Islam Party, the Muslim League and the Republican Party. The Muslim League had agreed to form a coalition government with the Republican Party on the condition that by amending the Electoral Act, the principle of separate electorate would be implemented in the country. After the formation of the Cabinet, Ministers from East Pakistan and the Republican Party started opposing the proposed amendments. The Republican Party opposed the amendment as it wanted to gain advantage over its political opponent, the Muslim League.

Resignation

Iskander Mirza exploited the differences between the parties and thus made Chundrigar an easy victim as he remained Prime Minister for only two months and therefore could not give any practical shape to his program.

See also

Portal: Pakistan – Übersicht zu Wikipedia-Inhalten zum Thema Pakistan

Karachi's main business street, I I Chundrigar Road, has been named after him.

References

  1. ↑ His birth name is given as "Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar". There's a major road in the corporate downtown in Karachi bearing his namesake as Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road. The Bombay University confirms his name written as Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar in their graduating listings.
  2. ↑ a b Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan., 1961 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 23. Januar 2018]).
  3. ↑ Shahid Javed Burki: Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. 1st Auflage. Rowman & Littlefield, New York, U.S. 2015, ISBN 978-1-4422-4148-0, Vorlage:Small, S. 658 (amerikanisches Englisch, google.com [GOOGLE BOOKS; abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  4. ↑ Prafull Goradia: Muslim League's unfinished agenda. Contemporary Targett, New Delhi, India 2003, ISBN 978-81-7525-376-6, S. 394 (englisch, google.com [GOOGLE BOOKS (SNIPPET VIEW); abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]): “Vorlage:Small”
  5. ↑ a b c Ayesha Chundrigar: The Chundrigar Diaries (html) In: Ayesha Chundrigar's memoirs, Ayesha Chundrigar at The Friday Times, 29 November 2012. Abgerufen im 24 January 2018 (en-PK). 
  6. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX page 72 Government Central Press, Bombay
  7. ↑ University of Bombay: The Bombay University Calendar. University of Bombay Press, Bombay, India 1929 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  8. ↑ a b c d staff writers et.al.: Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar. (html) In: www.storyofpakistan.com. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, 1. Juni 2003, abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018 (en-pk).
  9. ↑ a b Aḥmad Saʻīd, Institute of Pakistan Historical Research (Lahore Pakistan): Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary. Institute of Pakistan Historical Research, 1997, Vorlage:Small, S. 354 (englisch, google.com [GOOGLE BOOKS (SNIPPET VIEW); abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  10. ↑ Asia Who's Who. 1957 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  11. ↑ Atta-ur- Rehman: تحريک پاكستان كى تصويرى داستان. دوست ايسوسايٹس،, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 1998, S. 328 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  12. ↑ Paula R. Newberg: Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Uk 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-89440-1, Vorlage:Small, S. 255 (englisch, google.com [GOOGLE BOOKS; abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  13. ↑ The Asia Who's who. Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance., 1957 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  14. ↑ Iftikhar H. Malik: Us-South Asian Relations 1940-47: American Attitudes Toward The Pakistan Movement. Springer, 1991, ISBN 978-1-349-21216-3 (englisch, google.com).
  15. ↑ Peter Lyon: Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2 (englisch, google.com [abgerufen am 24. Januar 2018]).
  16. ↑ The Leader archive.is Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'. at pakistan.gov.pk

External links

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