„ON-Line System“ – Versionsunterschied
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox Software |
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| name = oN-Line System |
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| Name = NLS |
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| developer = [[SRI International]]'s [[Augmentation Research Center]] |
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| Hersteller = [[Augmentation Research Center]] am [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]] |
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| type = Concept |
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| Erscheinungsjahr = 9. December 1968 im Rahmen des Vortrags ''"[[The Mother Of All Demos]]"'' |
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| photo = |
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| Kategorie = Entwurf |
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| caption = |
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| first_release_date = December 9, 1968 at [[The Mother of All Demos]] |
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| processor = |
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}} |
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'''NLS''', |
'''NLS''', oder '''oN-Line System''', war ein revolutionäres [[Groupware|kollaboratives Computersystem]] aus den 1960er Jahren. Entworfen von Douglas Engelbart und implementiert von Forschern an der [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC) am [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) war NLS das erste System, das den praktischen Einsatz von [[Hypertext]]-Links, Raster-Scan-[[Computermonitor|Monitoren]], [[Maus (Computer)|Maus]], Bildschirmverwaltung, [[Präsentationsprogramm|Präsentationsprogramme]] und von anderen modernen Computing-Konzepten realisiert und ermöglicht hat. <ref name = "ComputerHistoryMuseum">{{Literatur | Autor = Kate Gust | Herausgeber = [[Computer History Museum]] | Titel = [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/nlsproject NLS Augment Index] | Jahr = 2006 | Monat = 11 | Tag = 6 | Online = [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/nlsproject online] | Zugriff=2015-05-27}}</ref> Das Projekt wurde von der [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]], [[NASA]] und der [[US Air Force]] finanziert. |
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==Historische Entwicklung== |
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[[Douglas Engelbart]] entwickelte seine Konzepte zwischen 1959 und 1960 mit der Unterstützung der US Air Force und veröffentlichte ein Framework im Jahr 1962. Das seltsame [[Akronym#Redundantes_Akronym|redundante Akronym]] NLS stammt aus den Wörtern o'''N'''-'''L'''ine '''S'''ystem, wobei ''„on-line“'' nicht mit der heutigen Bedeutung verwendet wurde, sondern die interaktiven Bedienung einer Maschine kennzeichnete. <ref name = "Müller-Prove2009">{{Literatur | Autor = Matthias Müller-Prove | Titel = Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces | Reihe = Berichte des Fachbereichs Informatik der Universität Hamburg | Nummer = 237 | Ort = Hamburg, Deutschland | Jahr = 2009 | Monat = 08 | Tag = 27 | Seiten = 7 | Online = [http://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de/informatik/volltexte/2009/52/pdf/B_237.pdf PDF-Datei; 4,48 MB] | Zugriff= 2015-05-27}}</ref> Humoristisch sagt man, dass Engelbart unter dem RAS (Redundant Acronym Syndrom) Syndrom litt <ref name = "Vallee2003">{{Literatur | Autor = [[Jacques Vallée|Jacques Vallée]] | Titel = The Heart of the Internet: An Insider's View of the Origin and Promise of the On-Line Revolution | Verlag = Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc. | Ort = Charlottesville, VA | Jahr = 2003 | Seiten = 50 | ISBN = 978-1571743695 | Online = {{Google Buch | BuchID = eh46qowjvasc}} | Zugriff=2015-05-27}}</ref>, aber in der Realität wurde der Name gewählt, um das neue System von dem bereits existierenden oFf-Line System (FLS) zu unterscheiden. <ref name="Nielsen1995">{{Literatur | Autor = [[Jakob Nielsen (Usability-Berater)|Jakob Nielsen]] | Titel = [http://www.nngroup.com/articles/hypertext-history/ The History of Hypertext] | Jahr = 1995 | Monat = 2 | Tag = 1 | Online = [http://www.nngroup.com/articles/hypertext-history/ online] | Zugriff=2015-05-27}}</ref> Seinen ersten Computer konnten nicht mehr als einen Benutzer gleichzeitig unterstützen. Zuerst gab der [[CDC 160A]] 1963, der sehr wenig Programmierleistung für sich alleine hatte.<ref name = "Engelbart1985">{{Literatur | Autor = [[Douglas C. Engelbart]] | Titel = [http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-101931.html Augmented Knowledge Workshop] | Sammelwerk = HPW '86 Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations | Verlag = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] | Ort = New York, NY | Jahr = 1986 | Seiten = 73-83 | ISBN = 0-89791-176-8 | Online = [http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-101931.html online] | DOI = 10.1145/12178.12184 | Zugriff=2015-05-27}}</ref> |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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*{{Cite book |title= Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |author= [[Thierry Bardini]] |year=2000 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=0-8047-3723-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CEc1OOGmA5IC }} |
*{{Cite book |title= Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing |author= [[Thierry Bardini]] |year=2000 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=0-8047-3723-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CEc1OOGmA5IC }} |
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<pre> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* On the [http://www.dougengelbart.org Doug Engelbart Institute website] see especially the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/dougs-1968-demo.html 1968 Demo resources page] for links to the demo and to later panel discussions by participants in the demo; [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html About NLS/Augment]; Engelbart's [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/bibliography.html Bibliography], [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/videography.html Videography]; and the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/engelbart-archives.html Engelbart Archives Special Collections] page. |
* On the [http://www.dougengelbart.org Doug Engelbart Institute website] see especially the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/dougs-1968-demo.html 1968 Demo resources page] for links to the demo and to later panel discussions by participants in the demo; [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html About NLS/Augment]; Engelbart's [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/bibliography.html Bibliography], [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/videography.html Videography]; and the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/engelbart-archives.html Engelbart Archives Special Collections] page. |
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[[Category:History of human–computer interaction]] |
[[Category:History of human–computer interaction]] |
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[[Category:SRI International software]] |
[[Category:SRI International software]] |
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Version vom 27. Mai 2015, 16:09 Uhr
| NLS | |
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| Basisdaten
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| Entwickler | Augmentation Research Center am Stanford Research Institute |
| Erscheinungsjahr | 9. December 1968 im Rahmen des Vortrags "The Mother Of All Demos" |
| Kategorie | Entwurf |
NLS, oder oN-Line System, war ein revolutionäres kollaboratives Computersystem aus den 1960er Jahren. Entworfen von Douglas Engelbart und implementiert von Forschern an der Augmentation Research Center (ARC) am Stanford Research Institute (SRI) war NLS das erste System, das den praktischen Einsatz von Hypertext-Links, Raster-Scan-Monitoren, Maus, Bildschirmverwaltung, Präsentationsprogramme und von anderen modernen Computing-Konzepten realisiert und ermöglicht hat. [1] Das Projekt wurde von der Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, NASA und der US Air Force finanziert.
Historische Entwicklung
Douglas Engelbart entwickelte seine Konzepte zwischen 1959 und 1960 mit der Unterstützung der US Air Force und veröffentlichte ein Framework im Jahr 1962. Das seltsame redundante Akronym NLS stammt aus den Wörtern oN-Line System, wobei „on-line“ nicht mit der heutigen Bedeutung verwendet wurde, sondern die interaktiven Bedienung einer Maschine kennzeichnete. [2] Humoristisch sagt man, dass Engelbart unter dem RAS (Redundant Acronym Syndrom) Syndrom litt [3], aber in der Realität wurde der Name gewählt, um das neue System von dem bereits existierenden oFf-Line System (FLS) zu unterscheiden. [4] Seinen ersten Computer konnten nicht mehr als einen Benutzer gleichzeitig unterstützen. Zuerst gab der CDC 160A 1963, der sehr wenig Programmierleistung für sich alleine hatte.[5]
Development
Douglas Engelbart developed his concepts while supported by the US Air Force from 1959 to 1960, and published a framework in 1962. The strange acronym, NLS (instead of OLS) was an artifact of the evolution of the system. His first computers were not able to support more than one user at a time. First was the CDC 160A in 1963 which had very little programming power of its own.[6]
As a stopgap measure, the team developed a system where off-line users — that is, anyone not sitting at the one terminal available — could still edit their documents by punching a string of commands onto paper tape with a Flexowriter. Once the tape was complete, then the user would feed into the computer the paper tape on which the last document draft had been stored, followed by the new commands to be applied, and then the computer would print out a new paper tape containing the latest version of the document. Without interactive visualization, this could be awkward and the user had to monitor the cumulative effects of his commands on his document in his or her own head. On the other hand, it matched the workflow of the 1960s office, since managers would give marked-up printouts of documents to secretaries.[7]
The design continued to support this "off-line" workflow, as well as an interactive "on-line" ability to edit the same documents. To avoid two acronyms starting with the same letter, the Off-Line Text System was abbreviated FLTS, while the On-Line Text System was abbreviated NLTS. As the system evolved to support more than just text, the "T" was dropped and the interactive version became known as NLS.[8]
Robert Taylor, who had a background in psychology, provided support from NASA. When Taylor moved to the Information Processing Techniques Office of the US Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency, he was able to provide even more funding to the project. In 1965, NLS development moved to a CDC 3100.[6] Jeff Rulifson joined SRI in 1966 and became the lead programmer for NLS until he left in 1973.[9]
NLS development moved to a Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 computer running the Berkeley Timesharing System in 1968.[6] It had an approximately 96 MB storage disk. It could support up to 16 workstations, which were composed of a raster-scan monitor, a three-button mouse, and a device known as a chord keyset. The input of typed text was sent from the keyboard to a specific subsystem that relayed the information along a bus to one of two Display Controllers and Display Generators. The inputted text then was sent to a 5-inch (127 mm) cathode ray tube (CRT), which was enclosed by a special cover and a superimposed video image was then received by a professional-quality black-and-white TV camera. The TV camera information was then sent to the closed-circuit Camera Control and Patch Panel, and, finally, displayed on each workstation's video monitor.
NLS was demonstrated by Engelbart on December 9, 1968 to a large audience at that year's Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. This has since been dubbed "The Mother of All Demos", as it not only demonstrated the groundbreaking features of NLS, but also involved assembling some remarkable state-of-the-art video technologies. Engelbart's onstage terminal was linked to a massive video projector loaned by the NASA Ames Research Center and, via leased telephone lines, to ARC's SDS 940 computer in Menlo Park, 30 miles southeast of San Francisco. On a 22-foot high screen with video insets, the audience could follow Engelbart's actions on his display, observe how he used the mouse, and watch as members of his team in Menlo Park joined in the presentation.[10]
One of NLS's most revolutionary features, the Journal, was developed in 1970 by Australian computer engineer David A. Evans as part of his doctoral thesis.[11] The Journal was a primitive hypertext-based groupware program which can be seen as a predecessor (if not the direct ancestor) of all contemporary server software that supports collaborative document creation (like wikis). It was used by ARC members to discuss, debate, and refine concepts in the same way that wikis are being used today. The journal was used to store documents for the Network Information Center and early network email archives.[12] Most Journal documents have been preserved in paper form, and are stored in Stanford University's archives; they are a valuable record of the evolution of the ARC community from 1970 until commercialization began in 1976. An additional set of Journal documents exist at the Computer History Museum, along with a large collection of ARC backup tapes starting from the early 1970s, as well as some of the tapes from the 1960s from the SDS 940.
The NLS was implemented using several domain-specific languages implemented with the Tree Meta compiler-compiler. [13] The eventual implementation language was called L10.[14]
In 1970 NLS was ported to the PDP-10 computer (as modified by BBN to run the TENEX operating system).[14] By mid-1971 the TENEX implementation of NLS was put into service as the new Network Information Center, but even this computer could only handle a small number of simultaneous users.[12] Access was possible via either custom-built display workstations, or simple typewrite-like terminals, less expensive and more common at the time. By 1974 the NIC had spun off to a separate project on its own computer.
Firsts
All of the features of NLS were in support of Engelbart's goal of augmenting collective knowledge work and therefore focused on making the user more powerful, not simply on making the system easier to use.[15] The features listed therefore supported a full-interaction paradigm with rich interaction possibilities for a trained user, rather than what Engelbart refers to as the WYSIAYG (What You See Is All You Get)[16] paradigm that came later.[17]
- the computer mouse
- 2-dimensional display editing
- in-file object addressing, linking
- hypermedia
- outline processing
- flexible view control
- multiple windows
- cross-file editing
- integrated hypermedia email
- hypermedia publishing
- document version control
- shared-screen teleconferencing
- computer-aided meetings
- formatting directives
- context-sensitive help
- distributed client-server architecture
- uniform command syntax
- universal "user interface" front-end module
- multi-tool integration
- grammar-driven command language interpreter
- protocols for virtual terminals
- remote procedure call protocols
- compilable "Command Meta Language"
"Many of those firsts came right out of the staff's innovations — even had to be explained to me before I could understand them. They deserve more recognition." Douglas Engelbart.[17]
Decline and succession
The downfall of NLS, and subsequently, of ARC in general, was the program's difficult learning curve. NLS was not designed to be easy to learn; it employed the heavy use of program modes, relied on a strict hierarchical structure, did not have a point-and-click interface, and forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system. The chord keyset, which complemented the modal nature of NLS, forced the user to learn a 5-bit binary code if they did not want to use the keyboard. Finally, with the arrival of the ARPA Network at SRI in 1969, the time-sharing technology that seemed practical with a small number of users became impractical over a distributed network; time-sharing was rapidly being replaced by individual minicomputers (and later microcomputers) and workstations. Attempts to port NLS to other hardware, such as the PDP-10 and later on the DECSYSTEM-20, were successful, but did nothing to spread NLS beyond SRI.
Frustrated by the direction of Engelbart's "bootstrapping" crusade, many top SRI researchers left, with many ending up at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, taking the mouse idea with them. SRI sold NLS to Tymshare in 1977 and renamed it Augment, and Tymshare was, in turn, sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1984.[6]
Some of the "full-interaction" paradigm lives on in different systems, including the Hyperwords Add-On for Mozilla Firefox. The Hyperwords concept grew out the Engelbart web-documentary Invisible Revolution.[15] The aim of the project is to allow users to interact with all the words on the Web, not only the links. Hyperwords works through a simple hierarchical menu but also gives users access to keyboard "phrases" in the spirit of NLS commands and features Views which are inspired by the powerful NLS ViewSpecs. The Views allow the user to re-format web pages on the fly. Engelbart has been on the Advisory Board of The Hyperwords Company since its inception 2006.
From 2005 through 2008 a volunteer group from the Computer History Museum attempted to restore the system.[18][19]
See also
References
Further reading
- Thierry Bardini: Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford University Press, Stanford 2000, ISBN 0-8047-3723-1 (google.com).
==External links== * On the [http://www.dougengelbart.org Doug Engelbart Institute website] see especially the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/dougs-1968-demo.html 1968 Demo resources page] for links to the demo and to later panel discussions by participants in the demo; [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/augment.html About NLS/Augment]; Engelbart's [http://www.dougengelbart.org/about/bibliography.html Bibliography], [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/videography.html Videography]; and the [http://www.dougengelbart.org/library/engelbart-archives.html Engelbart Archives Special Collections] page. * [http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html The original 1968 Demo as streaming RealVideo clips] * [http://www.1968demo.org/ A high-resolution version of the 1968 Demo video] * [http://hyperscope.org HyperScope, a browser-based project to recreate and extend NLS/Augment] Douglas Engelbart himself is involved in this project * [http://www.openaugment.org/ OpenAugment, another NLS/Augment implementation] * [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/sri/arc NLS documents at bitsavers.org] [[Category:Hypertext]] [[Category:History of human–computer interaction]] [[Category:SRI International software]]
- ↑ Kate Gust: NLS Augment Index. Hrsg.: Computer History Museum. 6. November 2006 (online [abgerufen am 27. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ Matthias Müller-Prove: Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces (= Berichte des Fachbereichs Informatik der Universität Hamburg. Nr. 237). Hamburg, Deutschland 27. August 2009, S. 7 (PDF-Datei; 4,48 MB [abgerufen am 27. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ Jacques Vallée: The Heart of the Internet: An Insider's View of the Origin and Promise of the On-Line Revolution. Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc., Charlottesville, VA 2003, ISBN 978-1-57174-369-5, S. 50 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche [abgerufen am 27. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ Jakob Nielsen: The History of Hypertext. 1. Februar 1995 (online [abgerufen am 27. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ Douglas C. Engelbart: Augmented Knowledge Workshop. In: HPW '86 Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations. ACM, New York, NY 1986, ISBN 0-89791-176-8, S. 73–83, doi:10.1145/12178.12184 (online [abgerufen am 27. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ a b c d Douglas C. Englebart: The Augmented Knowledge Workshop. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations. ACM, Palo Alto, California Juni 1986, doi:10.1145/12178.12184 (dougengelbart.org [abgerufen am 20. April 2011]).
- ↑ conducted by Judy Adams and Henry Low: Douglas Engelbart. In: Stanford and the Silicon Valley Oral History Interviews. Stanford University, abgerufen am 19. April 2011.
- ↑ Douglas C. Engelbart: Quarterly Technical Letter Report 1. In: Study for the Development of Human Intellect Augmentation Techniques. Stanford University, Mai 1966, abgerufen am 19. April 2011.
- ↑ Johns Frederick (Jeff) Rulifson. In: SRI Hall of fame. SRI International, abgerufen am 13. Juni 2013.
- ↑ The Click Heard Round The World In: Wired, January 2004. Abgerufen im April 19, 2011
- ↑ It is important to not confuse Dr. Evans with the numerous other persons who share the same name. He was Managing Director and CEO of MRI magnet startup Magnetica (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im April 2011.) and participated in the 1998 symposium honoring Engelbart's work.
- ↑ a b D. Meyer: In: RFC 543. 31. Juli 1973, abgerufen am 19. April 2011.
- ↑ Engelbart, D., Study for the development of Human Augmentation Techniques. Final Report, July 1968. Sections 4 and 5.
- ↑ a b Douglas C. Englebart, Richard W. Watson, James C. Norton: The Augmented Knowledge Workshop. In: Proceedings of the national computer conference and exposition. AFIPS, S. 9–12, doi:10.1145/1499586.1499593 (dougengelbart.org [abgerufen am 20. April 2011]).
- ↑ a b Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma: Invisible Revolution. In: Web documentary. Abgerufen am 13. April 2011.
- ↑ "What you see is ALL you get" Harvey Lehtmann, Interactions, issue 2/1997, pp. 51.
- ↑ a b Christina Engelbart: A Lifetime Pursuit. Englebart Institute, abgerufen am 13. April 2011.
- ↑ NLS Augment Index. In: Software Preservation Group. Computer History Museum, abgerufen am 15. April 2011.
- ↑ NLS Restoration Technical Discussion Archives. Computer History Museum, abgerufen am 15. April 2011.