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== Literature ==
== Literature ==
DA has one conference-approved book used as standard literature, ''A Currency of Hope'',<ref name="GRECO2009"/> and several conference-approved pamphlets.<ref name="DAPAMPHLETS">{{cite web |author=Harber, Joe |title=DA Literature - Pamphlets |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=10 December 2009 |archivedate=10 December 2009 |url=http://www.debtorsanonymous.org/literature/pamphlets.htm |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lvfSefnx}}</ref> ''A Current of Hope'', published in 1999, includes DA's adaptations of the [[Twelve-step program#Twelve Steps|Twelve Steps]] and [[Twelve Traditions]], a description of compulsive debting, a brief history of DA, and thirty eight stories written by DA members explaining how DA has affected their lives. DA has recently announced that it will commission a writer to produce a second book.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to DA literature, DA suggests studying Alcoholic Anonymous literature to gain a better understanding of addictive diseases.<ref>Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16</ref> Approved for use by the General Service Conference ''Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions''<ref name="12AND12">{{cite book | author = Bill W. |authorlink=Bill W. | title = Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions | publisher = Alcoholics Anonymous World Services | date = 10 February 2002 | isbn = 0916856011 | oclc = 13572433}}</ref> and ''Alcoholics Anonymous''<ref name="BIGBOOK">{{cite book | title = Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism | publisher = Alcoholics Anonymous World Services | year = 2002 | edition = 4th | location = New York, New York | isbn = 1893007162 | oclc = 408888189 |url=http://www.aa.org/bigbookonline/ |author=Bill W. |authorlink=Bill W.}}</ref> (also known as the "Big Book").<ref name="AALITERATURE">{{cite paper |title=AA Literature |publisher=Debtors Anonymous General Service Office |author=Debtors Anonymous |accessdate=2009-12-28 |url=http://www.debtorsanonymous.org/literature/AALiteratureBrochure.pdf |archivedate=2009-12-18 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mLnGxalN}}</ref> A qualitative analysis of Hayes's 1993-1995 survey found a lack of DA approved literature was one of the common obstacles preventing potential members from entering the DA program.<ref name="HAYES2002">{{cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Terrell A. |title=Potential Obstacles to Worldview Transformations: Findings From Debtors Anonymous |journal=International Journal of Self Help and Self Care |volume=1 |issue=4 |year=2001-2002 |pages=253–368 |doi=10.2190/PLE7-543Q-7NTF-NQ2H}}</ref>
DA has one conference-approved book used as standard literature, ''A Currency of Hope'',<ref name="GRECO2009"/> and several conference-approved pamphlets.<ref name="DAPAMPHLETS">{{cite web |author=Harber, Joe |title=DA Literature - Pamphlets |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=10 December 2009 |archivedate=10 December 2009 |url=http://www.debtorsanonymous.org/literature/pamphlets.htm |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lvfSefnx}}</ref> ''A Current of Hope'', published in 1999, includes DA's adaptations of the [[Twelve-step program#Twelve Steps|Twelve Steps]] and [[Twelve Traditions]], a description of compulsive debting, a brief history of DA, and thirty eight stories written by DA members explaining how DA has affected their lives. DA has recently announced that it will commission a writer to produce a second book.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to DA literature, DA suggests studying Alcoholic Anonymous literature to gain a better understanding of addictive diseases.<ref>Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16</ref> Approved for use by the General Service Conference ''Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions''<ref name="12AND12">{{cite book | author = Bill W. |authorlink=Bill W. | title = Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions | publisher = Alcoholics Anonymous World Services | date = 10 February 2002 | isbn = 0916856011 | oclc = 13572433}}</ref> and ''Alcoholics Anonymous''<ref name="BIGBOOK">{{cite book | title = Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism | publisher = Alcoholics Anonymous World Services | year = 2002 | edition = 4th | location = New York, New York | isbn = 1893007162 | oclc = 408888189 |url=http://www.aa.org/bigbookonline/ |author=Bill W. |authorlink=Bill W.}}</ref> (also known as the "Big Book").<ref name="AALITERATURE">{{cite paper |title=AA Literature |publisher=Debtors Anonymous General Service Office |author=Debtors Anonymous |accessdate=2009-12-28 |url=http://www.debtorsanonymous.org/literature/AALiteratureBrochure.pdf |archivedate=2009-12-18 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mLnGxalN}}</ref>
==Changes in worldview==
Self-help groups, including DA, encourage members to change their [[world view|worldview]]. It is critically important for self-help groups to facilitate changes in the worldview of its members, as it is generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes.<ref name="RONEL2003">{{cite journal |last=Ronel |first=Natti |coauthors=Libman, Galit |title=Eating Disorders and Recovery: Lessons from Overeaters Anonymous |journal=Clinical Social Work Journal |volume=31 |issue=2 |month=June |year=2003 |issn=1573-3343 |pages=155–171 |doi=10.1023/A:1022962311073}}</ref>
DA's worldview is presented in its ideology such as DA's twelve Steps, Tradtions, and Tools.<ref name="HAYES2002"/> For example, the pamphlet Debtors Anonymous answers "How Does a Person Get Solvent Through the D.A. Program?" explaining that it is done by bringing about a "progressive personality change" within the member. The change said to be accomplished through faith in and understanding of DA's Twelve Steps.<ref name="DA2002">{{cite paper |title=Debtors Anonymous |author=Debtors Anonymous |publisher=Debtors Anonymous General Service Board |id=P-101 |year=2002}}</ref>

Though a subsequent analysis of the qualitative data Hayes collected from DA members from 1993 to 1995, six DA practices where identified that were hindrances towards acceptance of DA's ideology. These included, negative labeling, intergroup differences, a lack of a clear position on [[bankruptcy]] and debt-shifting, contradictory information on what literature should be used in DA and differences in DA's suggestions regarding paying off and cultural norms about how debt should be resolved.<ref name="HAYES2002">{{cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Terrell A. |title=Potential Obstacles to Worldview Transformations: Findings From Debtors Anonymous |journal=International Journal of Self Help and Self Care |volume=1 |issue=4 |year=2001-2002 |pages=253–368 |doi=10.2190/PLE7-543Q-7NTF-NQ2H}}</ref>



== Parallel organizations ==
== Parallel organizations ==

Version vom 12. März 2010, 00:01 Uhr

Vorlage:Lead too short Vorlage:Infobox Non-profit Debtors Anonymous (DA) is a twelve-step program for people who share a common desire to maintain financial solvency.

History

In 1968 members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) who believed that their financial difficulties were caused by an addictive disease not unlike alcoholism founded an organization named Penny Pinchers, which they later renamed Capital Builders.[1][2][3] The founding members believed their financial problems stemmed from an inability to save money, and practiced making daily deposits in to their savings accounts. Later they came to recognize their problems were not caused by an inability to save, but rather an inability to remain solvent.[4]

In early 1971 the group members came to believe that debting (incurring unsecured debt) was the threshold of their disease and committed to a rigorous twelve-step approach to stop debting.[3][5] The original group disbanded and meetings were not consistently held again until 1976, when a group of two or three people began meeting regularly on Wednesdays in the Rectory of St. Stephen's Church in New York City. With in a year there was a second group and Debtors Anonymous continued to grow. The first General Service Conference was held in 1987 inside the auditorium at Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center in Manhattan.[6] Vorlage:As of there are 512 groups meeting worldwide.[7]

Membership

While membership is open to anyone with a desire to stop incurring unsecured debt,[8] Debtors Anonymous describes itself fundamentally as a means to recover from compulsive debting.[9] Compulsive debting is a neologism described variously in DA literature as a disorder,[10] progressive illness,[11][12] and a disease.[13] As such compulsive debting cannot be cured, although it can be arrested.[14] Compulsive debtors are those who cannot control their debt,[15] and consequentially debt causes growing and continuing problems in their lives.[16] Compulsive debting is also an umbrella term encompassing many different types of behavior from "incurring unsecured debt to compulsive shopping, from grandiose thinking to deprivation mentality."[17] Members are encouraged to decide for themselves if they are a compulsive debtor.[18] To assist them with the decision DA provides a fifteen item questionnaire,[19] most compulsive debtors will answer yes to eight or more of the questions.[20] An ethnographic study of DA found members attributed the causes of compulsive debting are attributed to family maladjustment and a culture that constantly pressures its members to spend.[21]

In addition to compulsive debtors, DA members may also identify themselves additionally or more specifically as compulsive shoppers or spenders, codependent debtors[22] or compulsive underearners.[23]

Compulsive spending is described as symptom associated with compulsive debting. It occurs when one spends money despite having made a decision or having a desire not to, or spending to one's own detriment. Often it is done consciously or unconsciously as part of an effort to avoid uncomfortable feelings.[24] DA provides a 30 item questionnaire to help determine if one is spending compulsively.[25] Answering yes to three or more of these signs is said to indicate that one may be a compulsive spender.[26]Although compulsive spenders may not actually be in debt, if they have a desire to avoid incurring unsecured debt, they are welcome in DA.[27]

Underearners are people with viable skills, but who are psychologically incapable of earning enough money to maintain solvency.[23] DA provides a list of signs twelve signs that are symptomatic of compulsive underearning.[28] Underearning can lead one to become a "compulsive pauper."[29] Compulsive paupers are those who are consistently broke and in financial crisis.[30] The term "financial anorexia" is used to describe "someone who takes inordinate amounts of pride in having few financial needs and is more comfortable living in deprivation."[22] Financial anorexics, while they may find it difficult to spend money on themselves, are not necessarily underearning.[31] Although compulsive underearners may not actually be in debt, if they have a desire to avoid incurring unsecured debt, they are welcome in DA.

The current diagnostic manual published by the The American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV-TR, does not consider indebtedness to be a disease, and does not have a specific category for spending related issues. It does, however, contain a category, Impulse Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (NOS), to diagnose impulse control problems that are not currently in the manual. When diagnosing compulsive buying done under the category of Impulse Control Disorder NOS. Compulsive buying is not limited to people who spend beyond their means, it also includes people who spend an inordinate amount of time shopping or who chronically think about buying things but never purchase them. A specific diagnosis of compulsive buying is under consideration for inclusion in the fifth edition of the DSM, which is currently under development.[32]

Concepts

Clarity and awareness

The term "terminal vagueness" is used to describe a characteristic behavior of compulsive debtors. It refers to a systematic avoidance of monitoring one's finances, leading to an overestimation or underestimation of one's account balances.[33] An overestimation may cause a member to incur unsecured debt.[34] Clarity and awareness are the opposite of terminal vagueness, requiring a clear picture of how much money one has and how much one owes at any given time.[22] Similarly, the DA program encourages members to be aware of the pervasiveness of debt and overspending in their cultures.[22] DA suggests staying aware of advertising that encourages one to incur unsecured debt and its affects.[35]

Abundance

DA incorporates a spiritual belief in an "abundant universe." In this view, the universe is a safe place where, if one works for it, the universe will provide what is needed.[22][36][37][38]

Abstinence

Abstinence in DA is abstaining from incurring any new unsecured debt, a strict definition that includes not paying bills when due and borrowing money from a family member or friend with out collateral, in addition to credit card debt and other unsecured loans. If a member has not incurred unsecured debt for a day, they are considered abstinent for that day. In the first ninety days of participation in DA members are considered beginners and at high risk for "relapsing" (incurring unsecured debt).[22]

Adaptation of the Twelve Steps

DA's wording of the Twelve Steps are identical to AA's, with two exceptions; the word "alcoholism" is replaced with "debt" in the First Step, and in the Twelfth Step the word "alcoholics" is replaced with "debtors."[39] DA's Twelve Traditions are also identical to AA's except "alcoholic" is replaced with "debtor", "A.A." is replaced with "D.A.," and "Alcoholics Anonymous" is replaced with "Debtors Anonymous."[40] DA's original literature also includes the twelve Signs of Compulsive Debting[41], The Twelve Tools of Debtors Anonymous,[42] and The Twelve Promises of Debtors Anonymous.[38]

The Fourth Step in DA includes not only a moral inventory of personal characteristics but also an inventory of personal financial history including a list of current outstanding debts.[43][22]Similarly, the Ninth Step includes actual debt repayment.[43][22]

Keeping numbers

Spending records

Members are encouraged to "keep numbers" a daily practice that requires recording each cent owed, spent, and earned.[33][44] This includes recording any portion of a debt that has been paid.[22][45] Members use different methods to keep their numbers. The simplest approach recommended is to keep a small notebook and record numbers there daily.[22] Daily records are used to create a monthly spending record. The purpose of these records is to increase clarity regarding the members financial reality, cutting through any denial about how much money is being earned and spent and on what. A detailed spending record will reveal a member's values, lifestyle, habits and responsibilities.[22][43]

Spending plans

Spending records are used to create spending plans.[43][22] A spending plan is essentially a list of all products and services to be purchased for a given month.[33] Members regularly review their spending plans and assess whether items and amounts in the plan are reasonable.[33] A spending plan should allow the member to remain abstinent, putting their needs before the needs of their creditors. Spending plans should include categories for income and debt repayment.[22][46] Unless a member is having trouble meeting very basic needs, it should also include a category for savings.[22]

A "real" spending plan is accompanied with an "ideal" spending plan, detailing what a member's finances would look like in an ideal universe, how much money they would earn, and how their money would be spent. It is intended to increase the member's motivation to increase their income, and provide a vision for their future.[43][22]

The term budget is avoided, as it's connotation may imply rigid categories. A spending plan is a plan to spend such that one has the best possible life under their present financial circumstances. Spending plans are intended to be flexible, and convey that there are options, and that a member can chose how to spend their money.[22]

Debt repayment plans

The goal in repaying creditors is to do so while living well, not like one is doing penance, and making consistent and manageable payments to creditors. In this way, members are able to offer detailed rationale for their debt repayment plan, allowing for empowered and functional negotiation with creditors. In this spirit, a certain amount of money is allocated for debt repayment. [22]

Members might begin making a debt repayment plan by categorizing their secured and unsecured debt, including the name of the creditor, the total amount owed, when the amount will be paid off, and the current monthly payment. When paying unsecured debts, members would list their current balance, their finance charge per month, and the minimum payment per month, then include a blank column for the "actual" payment. The amount of the actual payment would be determined from their spending plan, after subtracting their necessary expenses and the amount of money required to maintain a reasonable quality of life. This amount would then be divided up among the creditors prioritizing the secured debts and largest debts.[47]

Cash envelopes

A variation on a spending plan is known as the "cash envelope method." In this method members separate each of their expenses into categories and then fill an envelope with the amount of money they can spend in each.[33]

Pressure relief meetings

After several months participation in DA, members are encouraged to organize "pressure relief meetings." In these meetings, a newer member invites two veteran members (with at least ninety days of abstinence, typically one male and one female) to review his or her financial records in detail and give practical advice.[43] These occur outside of regular meetings, and are a way for members to receive suggestions from each other.[33] The member organizing the group typically brings his or her spending records, and a list of issues that he or she would like suggestions for dealing with.[22] During a the pressure relief meeting an "action plan" is developed based on the suggestions of the other members, and an spending plan may also be developed or modified.[22][48] Actions plans are lists of specific actions intended to help resolve debts and improve the member's financial situation.[49] Members organize pressure relief groups about once a month. In times of crisis, however, they may hold them more frequently.[22]

Referrals

Mental health professionals such as Romona Goldman, Leonard Brazer, Betsy Levine, Bonnie Kellen and April L. Benson have enumerated the benefits of using Debtors Anonymous as an adjunct to professional therapy.[23][47][22] Levin, Kellen, and Benson caution, however that before recommending it a patient needs to be stabilized and able to tolerate a highly structured process and the emotional confrontation that will occur without a safety net or professional support.[43][22]

Labeling

Sociologist Terrell A. Hayes surveyed forty-six members of DA from June 1993 to July of 1995. He performed a qualitative analysis of survey results in an attempt to understand how labeling theory applies to the stigma of indebtedness, and to investigate the process members went through to identify themselves as compulsive debtors. The processes involved labeling of members by other people, and the members labeling themselves has having a problem (although not necessarily in that order) in four of five patterns identified. In the other case, members would self-label in the absence of being labeled by others.[50]

Hayes's analysis showed a stigmatization of indebtedness is related to experiences of shame among indebted people. Labeling a person as having a problem with debt therefore exposes them to shame. Further, Hayes found that labeling is a pervasive practice in twelve-step groups. Pointing out, for example, that the First Step in DA requires one to admit powerlessness over debt. Similarly at the beginning of meetings members will often introduce themselves with their first name and the problem that brought them to DA. These admissions, Hayes argues, may cause the onset of shame, even if it is not consciously acknowledged. Hayes asserts this effect may be more pronounced in women and less in men. Women are more likely than men to discuss money problems with others, thereby creating opportunities to be labeled. Women were also found to be twice is more likely than men to experience shame through self-labeling. Women, however, were less likely to have been coerced in to treatment than men.[50]

Law Professor A. Michele Dickerson suggested that something like Debtors Anonymous may be a useful addition to debtor eduction precisely because it would add a guilt-based component to the curriculum. The stigmatization would, Dickerson argues, change the debtors economic philosophy and reduce the likelihood of impulse buying.[51]

Mental health professionals such as April L. Benson, Betsy Levine and Bonnie Kellen have stated that DA helps members let go of shame.[43][22] Benson additionally describes DA as helping members transform shame into recovery.[43] Levine and Kellen go on to describe DA as a way out of shame, a way of reducing shame.[22] In another survey of DA members, one member commented specifically that while participating in DA her shame was removed.[33]

Literature

DA has one conference-approved book used as standard literature, A Currency of Hope,[3] and several conference-approved pamphlets.[52] A Current of Hope, published in 1999, includes DA's adaptations of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, a description of compulsive debting, a brief history of DA, and thirty eight stories written by DA members explaining how DA has affected their lives. DA has recently announced that it will commission a writer to produce a second book.Vorlage:Citation needed In addition to DA literature, DA suggests studying Alcoholic Anonymous literature to gain a better understanding of addictive diseases.[53] Approved for use by the General Service Conference Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions[54] and Alcoholics Anonymous[55] (also known as the "Big Book").[56]

Changes in worldview

Self-help groups, including DA, encourage members to change their worldview. It is critically important for self-help groups to facilitate changes in the worldview of its members, as it is generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes.[57] DA's worldview is presented in its ideology such as DA's twelve Steps, Tradtions, and Tools.[58] For example, the pamphlet Debtors Anonymous answers "How Does a Person Get Solvent Through the D.A. Program?" explaining that it is done by bringing about a "progressive personality change" within the member. The change said to be accomplished through faith in and understanding of DA's Twelve Steps.[59]

Though a subsequent analysis of the qualitative data Hayes collected from DA members from 1993 to 1995, six DA practices where identified that were hindrances towards acceptance of DA's ideology. These included, negative labeling, intergroup differences, a lack of a clear position on bankruptcy and debt-shifting, contradictory information on what literature should be used in DA and differences in DA's suggestions regarding paying off and cultural norms about how debt should be resolved.[58]


Parallel organizations

In the late 1970s Debtors Anonymous groups, independent of those all ready meeting in New York, were formed by the National Council of Negro Women offices in New York City. They began as a group of thirty-seven participants who had attended credit education classes at the NCNW offices. The NCNW Debtors Anonymous members had four goals: (1) Develop individual budgets and report regularly at group meetings on progress and problems; (2) Select and work with a buddy for mutual support and as a safeguard against spending urges; (3) Educate themselves and fellow members about credit costs and consumer protection laws, and the best prices of goods and services; (4) Set long-term goals and stick with them. Meetings were designed to share information on resources to get common products at the best price (clothes, home furnishings, small appliances, food, etc). Group sharing would usually begin after a member gave a short presentation on a topic a member had researched for the meeting. Additional groups were formed supported with grants from Chase Manhattan Bank and the Department of Education's consumer education unit. Vorlage:As of there were chapters in Los Angeles, Baltimore, Bergen County (New Jersey), Chicago, Columbus, Washington D.C., Hartford, Newark, Raleigh and Sacramento.[60]

In response to the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico an organization named the National Association of Debtors Anonymous formed, later affiliating with El Barzón (a movement of land-owning farmers against the Mexican government).[61]

See also

Notes

Vorlage:Reflist

References

  • Debtors Anonymous: A Currency of Hope. Debtors Anonymous General Service Board, Inc, Needham, Massachusetts 1999, ISBN 0-9703238-0-8.
  • Stuart Vyse: Going broke: why Americans can't hold on to their money. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York 2008, ISBN 0-19-530699-6.
  • Debtors Anonymous General Service Board, Inc, 2002; (P-124).

Further reading

External links

  1. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 23
  2. ↑ Janis P Sarra, Danielle: Accessing Insolvent Consumer Debtors, Challenges and Strategies for Empirical Research. In: Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series. 7. Mai 2009 (ssrn.com).
  3. ↑ a b c Greco, Tony, Fagen, Kristi: Recovery A to Z: A Dictionary of Twelve-Step Key Terms and Phrases. Central Recovery Press, 2009, ISBN 0-9799869-3-1, S. 27.
  4. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 23
  5. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 23
  6. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 23
  7. ↑ Claudia Black: Debtors Anonymous offers group support for spending addicts (Memento des Originals vom 19. Dezember 2009 auf WebCite) In: Los Angeles Times, 27 November 2009. Abgerufen am 19. Dezember 2009 
  8. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  9. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 10-11
  10. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 10
  11. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 19
  12. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 21
  13. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 10
  14. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  15. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 19
  16. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 21
  17. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 10
  18. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 21
  19. ↑ Joe Harber: Can DA Help You - 15 Questions. Debtors Anonymous General Service Office, 7. Oktober 2009, archiviert vom Original am 27. Dezember 2009;.
  20. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 21-22
  21. ↑ Ruben G. Oliven: Looking at Money in America. In: Critique of Anthropology. 18. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 1. März 1998, S. 35–59, doi:10.1177/0308275X9801800102.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Levine, Betsy; Kellen, Bonnie: I shop, therefore I am: compulsive buying and search for shelf. J. Aronson, Northvale, N. J. 2000, ISBN 0-7657-0242-8, Chapter 18: Debtors Anonymous and Psychotherapy, S. 431–454.
  23. ↑ a b c Goldman, Ramona: I shop, therefore I am: compulsive buying and search for shelf. J. Aronson, Northvale, N. J. 2000, ISBN 0-7657-0242-8, Chapter 11: Compulsive Buying as an Addiction, S. 245–267.
  24. ↑ Recovery from Compulsive Spending 2004, p. 1
  25. ↑ Signs of Compulsive Spending. Archiviert vom Original am 4. Februar 2010; abgerufen am 4. Februar 2010.
  26. ↑ Recovery from Compulsive Spending 2004, p. 3
  27. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  28. ↑ Signs of Compulsively Underearning. 31. Dezember 2009, archiviert vom Original am 3. Februar 2010; abgerufen am 3. Februar 2010.
  29. ↑ Underearning 2002, p. 1
  30. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  31. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  32. ↑ Vyse 2008, p. 28
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g Vorlage:Cite thesis
  34. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16
  35. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16
  36. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 57
  37. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 63
  38. ↑ a b Debtors Anonymous: The 12 Promises of Debtors Anonymous. Debtors Anonymous General Service Office, 19. August 2001, archiviert vom Original am 17. Dezember 2009; abgerufen am 27. Dezember 2009.
  39. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 12
  40. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 11
  41. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 13
  42. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 14-15
  43. ↑ a b c d e f g h i April Lane Benson, Marie Bengler: Handbook of addictive disorders: a practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. 2004, ISBN 0-471-23502-4, Chapter 14: Treating Compulsive Buying, S. 451–488.
  44. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 15
  45. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p 15
  46. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 15
  47. ↑ a b Leonard Brazer: I shop, therefore I am: compulsive buying and search for shelf. J. Aronson, Northvale, N. J. 2000, ISBN 0-7657-0242-8, Chapter 17: Psychoeducational Group Therapy for Money Disorders, S. 398–430.
  48. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 15
  49. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16
  50. ↑ a b Terrell A. Hayes: Stigmatizing Indebtedness: Implications for Labeling Theory. In: Symbolic Interaction. 23. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, Februar 2000, S. 29–46, doi:10.1525/si.2000.23.1.29.
  51. ↑ A. Mechele Dickerson: Can Shame, Guilt, or Stigma Be Taught: Why Credit-Focused Debtor Education May Not Work. In: Loylola of Los Angeles Law Review. 32. Jahrgang, S. 945–964 (llr.lls.edu (Memento des Originals vom 25. Dezember 2009 auf WebCite) [abgerufen am 25. Dezember 2009]).
  52. ↑ Harber, Joe: DA Literature - Pamphlets. 7. Oktober 2009, archiviert vom Original am 10. Dezember 2009; abgerufen am 10. Dezember 2009.
  53. ↑ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16
  54. ↑ Bill W.: Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2002, ISBN 0-916856-01-1.
  55. ↑ Bill W.: Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism. 4th Auflage. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, New York, New York 2002, ISBN 1-893007-16-2 (aa.org).
  56. ↑ Vorlage:Cite paper
  57. ↑ Natti Ronel, Libman, Galit: Eating Disorders and Recovery: Lessons from Overeaters Anonymous. In: Clinical Social Work Journal. 31. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, Juni 2003, ISSN 1573-3343, S. 155–171, doi:10.1023/A:1022962311073.
  58. ↑ a b Terrell A. Hayes: Potential Obstacles to Worldview Transformations: Findings From Debtors Anonymous. In: International Journal of Self Help and Self Care. 1. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, S. 253–368, doi:10.2190/PLE7-543Q-7NTF-NQ2H.
  59. ↑ Vorlage:Cite paper
  60. ↑ Edith B Roth: Getting Off the Credit Treadmill. In: American Education. 17. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, Mai 1981, S. 21–24 (ed.gov).
  61. ↑ Heather Williams: Of Free Trade and Debt Bondage: Fighting Banks and the State in Mexico. In: Latin American Perspectives (= Mexico in the 1990s: Economic Crisis, Social Polarization, and Class Struggle, Part 2). 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, Juli 2001, S. 30–51, doi:10.2307/3185137 (jstor.org).
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