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== Literatur ==
== Literatur ==
* Jessell TM, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 154–69. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
* Jessell TM, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 154–69. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
Bertil Hillel (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. pp. 73–7. ISBN 0-87893-321-2.
* Bertil Hillel (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. pp. 73–7. ISBN 0-87893-321-2.
* Yu FH, Catterall WA (2003). "Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family". Genome Biol 4 (3): 207. doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-207. PMC 153452. PMID 12620097.
* Yu FH, Catterall WA (2003). "Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family". Genome Biol 4 (3): 207. {{doi|10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-207}}. {{PMC|153452}}. PMID 12620097.
* Isom LL (2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1177/107385840100700108. PMID 11486343.
* Isom LL (2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. {{doi|10.1177/107385840100700108}}. PMID 11486343.
* Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels". Pharmacol Rev 57 (4): 397–409. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.4. PMID 16382098.
* Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels". Pharmacol Rev 57 (4): 397–409. {{doi|10.1124/pr.57.4.4}}. PMID 16382098.
* Lossin C. "SCN1A infobase". Retrieved 2009-10-30. "compilation of genetic variations in the SCN1A gene that alter the expression or function of Nav1.1"
* Lossin C. "SCN1A infobase". Retrieved 2009-10-30. "compilation of genetic variations in the SCN1A gene that alter the expression or function of Nav1.1"
* Beyder A, Mazzone A, Strege PR, Tester DJ, Saito YA, Bernard CE, Enders FT, Ek WE, Schmidt PT, Dlugosz A, Lindberg G, Karling P, Ohlsson B, Gazouli M, Nardone G, Cuomo R, Usai-Satta P, Galeazzi F, Neri M, Portincasa P, Bellini M, Barbara G, Camilleri M, Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, D'Amato M, Ackerman MJ, Farrugia, G. "Loss-of-Function of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.5 (Channelopathies) in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.". Gastroenterology. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.054.
* Beyder A, Mazzone A, Strege PR, Tester DJ, Saito YA, Bernard CE, Enders FT, Ek WE, Schmidt PT, Dlugosz A, Lindberg G, Karling P, Ohlsson B, Gazouli M, Nardone G, Cuomo R, Usai-Satta P, Galeazzi F, Neri M, Portincasa P, Bellini M, Barbara G, Camilleri M, Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, D'Amato M, Ackerman MJ, Farrugia, G. "Loss-of-Function of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.5 (Channelopathies) in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.". Gastroenterology. {{doi|10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.054}}.
* Vargas-Alarcon G, Alvarez-Leon E, Fragoso JM, et al. (2012). "A SCN9A gene-encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-23. PMC 3310736. PMID 22348792.
* Vargas-Alarcon G, Alvarez-Leon E, Fragoso JM, et al. (2012). "A SCN9A gene-encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13: 23. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2474-13-23}}. {{PMC|3310736}}. PMID 22348792.
* Catterall WA (April 2000). "From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels". Neuron 26 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81133-2. PMID 10798388.
* Catterall WA (April 2000). "From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels". Neuron 26 (1): 13–25. {{doi|10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81133-2}}. PMID 10798388.
* Isom LL, De Jongh KS, Patton DE, Reber BF, Offord J, Charbonneau H, Walsh K, Goldin AL, Catterall WA (May 1992). "Primary structure and functional expression of the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel". Science 256 (5058): 839–42. doi:10.1126/science.1375395. PMID 1375395.
* Isom LL, De Jongh KS, Patton DE, Reber BF, Offord J, Charbonneau H, Walsh K, Goldin AL, Catterall WA (May 1992). "Primary structure and functional expression of the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel". Science 256 (5058): 839–42. {{doi|10.1126/science.1375395}}. PMID 1375395.
* Malhotra JD, Kazen-Gillespie K, Hortsch M, Isom LL (April 2000). "Sodium channel beta subunits mediate homophilic cell adhesion and recruit ankyrin to points of cell-cell contact". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (15): 11383–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.15.11383. PMID 10753953.
* Malhotra JD, Kazen-Gillespie K, Hortsch M, Isom LL (April 2000). "Sodium channel beta subunits mediate homophilic cell adhesion and recruit ankyrin to points of cell-cell contact". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (15): 11383–8. {{doi|10.1074/jbc.275.15.11383}}. PMID 10753953.
* Malhotra JD, Koopmann MC, Kazen-Gillespie KA, Fettman N, Hortsch M, Isom LL (July 2002). "Structural requirements for interaction of sodium channel beta 1 subunits with ankyrin". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29): 26681–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202354200. PMID 11997395.
* Malhotra JD, Koopmann MC, Kazen-Gillespie KA, Fettman N, Hortsch M, Isom LL (July 2002). "Structural requirements for interaction of sodium channel beta 1 subunits with ankyrin". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29): 26681–8. {{doi|10.1074/jbc.M202354200}}. PMID 11997395.
* Cantrell AR, Catterall WA (June 2001). "Neuromodulation of Na+ channels: an unexpected form of cellular plasticity". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (6): 397–407. doi:10.1038/35077553. PMID 11389473.
* Cantrell AR, Catterall WA (June 2001). "Neuromodulation of Na+ channels: an unexpected form of cellular plasticity". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (6): 397–407. {{doi|10.1038/35077553}}. PMID 11389473.
* Isom LL (February 2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1177/107385840100700108. PMID 11486343.
* Isom LL (February 2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. {{doi|10.1177/107385840100700108}}. PMID 11486343.
* Shah BS, Rush AM, Liu S, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (August 2004). "Contactin associates with sodium channel Nav1.3 in native tissues and increases channel density at the cell surface". J. Neurosci. 24 (33): 7387–99. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0322-04.2004. PMID 15317864.
* Shah BS, Rush AM, Liu S, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (August 2004). "Contactin associates with sodium channel Nav1.3 in native tissues and increases channel density at the cell surface". J. Neurosci. 24 (33): 7387–99. {{doi|10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0322-04.2004}}. PMID 15317864.
* Wittmack EK, Rush AM, Craner MJ, Goldfarb M, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD (July 2004). "Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2B: association with Nav1.6 and selective colocalization at nodes of Ranvier of dorsal root axons". J. Neurosci. 24 (30): 6765–75. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1628-04.2004. PMID 15282281.
* Wittmack EK, Rush AM, Craner MJ, Goldfarb M, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD (July 2004). "Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2B: association with Nav1.6 and selective colocalization at nodes of Ranvier of dorsal root axons". J. Neurosci. 24 (30): 6765–75. {{doi|10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1628-04.2004}}. PMID 15282281.
* Rush AM, Wittmack EK, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (May 2006). "Differential modulation of sodium channel Na(v)1.6 by two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 subfamily". Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (10): 2551–62. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04789.x. PMID 16817858.
* Rush AM, Wittmack EK, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (May 2006). "Differential modulation of sodium channel Na(v)1.6 by two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 subfamily". Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (10): 2551–62. {{doi|10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04789.x}}. PMID 16817858.
* Kazarinova-Noyes K, Malhotra JD, McEwen DP, Mattei LN, Berglund EO, Ranscht B, Levinson SR, Schachner M, Shrager P, Isom LL, Xiao ZC (October 2001). "Contactin associates with Na+ channels and increases their functional expression". J. Neurosci. 21 (19): 7517–25. PMID 11567041.
* Kazarinova-Noyes K, Malhotra JD, McEwen DP, Mattei LN, Berglund EO, Ranscht B, Levinson SR, Schachner M, Shrager P, Isom LL, Xiao ZC (October 2001). "Contactin associates with Na+ channels and increases their functional expression". J. Neurosci. 21 (19): 7517–25. PMID 11567041.
* Srinivasan J, Schachner M, Catterall WA (December 1998). "Interaction of voltage-gated sodium channels with the extracellular matrix molecules tenascin-C and tenascin-R". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (26): 15753–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15753. PMC 28116. PMID 9861042.
* Srinivasan J, Schachner M, Catterall WA (December 1998). "Interaction of voltage-gated sodium channels with the extracellular matrix molecules tenascin-C and tenascin-R". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (26): 15753–7. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.95.26.15753}}. {{PMC|28116}}. PMID 9861042.
* Kim DY, Ingano LA, Carey BW, Pettingell WH, Kovacs DM (June 2005). "Presenilin/gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of the voltage-gated sodium channel beta2-subunit regulates cell adhesion and migration". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (24): 23251–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412938200. PMID 15833746.
* Kim DY, Ingano LA, Carey BW, Pettingell WH, Kovacs DM (June 2005). "Presenilin/gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of the voltage-gated sodium channel beta2-subunit regulates cell adhesion and migration". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (24): 23251–61. {{doi|10.1074/jbc.M412938200}}. PMID 15833746.
* Ratcliffe CF, Westenbroek RE, Curtis R, Catterall WA (July 2001). "Sodium channel beta1 and beta3 subunits associate with neurofascin through their extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain". J. Cell Biol. 154 (2): 427–34. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102086. PMC 2150779. PMID 11470829.
* Ratcliffe CF, Westenbroek RE, Curtis R, Catterall WA (July 2001). "Sodium channel beta1 and beta3 subunits associate with neurofascin through their extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain". J. Cell Biol. 154 (2): 427–34. {{doi|10.1083/jcb.200102086}}. {{PMC|2150779}}. PMID 11470829.
* Grolleau F, Stankiewicz M, Birinyi-Strachan L, Wang XH, Nicholson GM, Pelhate M, Lapied B (2001). "Electrophysiological analysis of the neurotoxic action of a funnel-web spider toxin, delta-atracotoxin-HV1a, on insect voltage-gated Na+ channels". J. Exp. Biol. 204 (Pt 4): 711–21. PMID 11171353.
* Grolleau F, Stankiewicz M, Birinyi-Strachan L, Wang XH, Nicholson GM, Pelhate M, Lapied B (2001). "Electrophysiological analysis of the neurotoxic action of a funnel-web spider toxin, delta-atracotoxin-HV1a, on insect voltage-gated Na+ channels". J. Exp. Biol. 204 (Pt 4): 711–21. PMID 11171353.
* Possani LD, Becerril B, Delepierre M, Tytgat J (September 1999). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". Eur. J. Biochem. 264 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x. PMID 10491073.
* Possani LD, Becerril B, Delepierre M, Tytgat J (September 1999). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". Eur. J. Biochem. 264 (2): 287–300. {{doi|10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x}}. PMID 10491073.


[[Kategorie:Zellbiologie]]
[[Kategorie:Zellbiologie]]

Version vom 18. Dezember 2014, 20:36 Uhr

Spannungsaktivierter Natriumkanal
Bezeichner
Gen-Name(n) SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN3A, SCN4A, SCN5A, SCN7A, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCN10A, SCN11A
Transporter-Klassifikation
TCDB 1.A.1.10.1
Bezeichnung Spannungsgesteuerte Ionenkanäle

nicht-spannungsaktivierter Natriumkanal
Bezeichner
Gen-Name(n) SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1D, SCNN1G
Transporter-Klassifikation
TCDB 1.A.6.1.1
Bezeichnung Epitheliale Natriumkanäle
Vorkommen
Übergeordnetes Taxon Wirbeltiere

Als Natriumkanäle werden in der Physiologie und Zellbiologie Ionenkanäle bezeichnet, die eine spezifische und mehr oder weniger selektive Leitfähigkeit für Natrium-Ionen aufweisen.

Wie andere Ionenkanäle können Natriumkanäle spannungsaktiviert oder nicht spannungsaktiviert sein. Derzeit sind neun verschiedene Subtypen spannungsaktivierter Natriumkanäle bekannt. Der gebräuchlichen Nomenklatur entsprechend werden sie als Nav1.1 - Nav1.9 bezeichnet. Der Index v steht für voltage-activated (dt. ‚spannungsaktiviert‘), die erste Ziffer kennzeichnet die Genfamilie (bisher nur eine bekannt), die zweite Ziffer steht für ein bekanntes Gen (zurzeit 1 bis 9, angeordnet in der Reihenfolge ihrer Entdeckung).

Besonders dicht sind spannungsaktivierte Natriumkanäle in elektrisch erregbaren Zellen exprimiert. Dort ist ihre Aktivierung verantwortlich für die Erzeugung von Aktionspotentialen. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen ist die elektrochemische Triebkraft für Natrium-Ionen so gerichtet, dass durch geöffnete Natriumkanäle Natrium-Ionen aus dem Extrazellularraum in die Zelle einströmen. Die gleichzeitige Öffnung vieler spannungsaktivierter Natriumkanäle bei Erreichen der Potentialschwelle verstärkt durch den resultierenden Einwärtsstrom die Depolarisation, was zum schnellen Anstieg des Membranpotentials („Aufstrich“ genannt) führt.

Ein Beispiel für einen nichtspannungsaktivierten Natriumkanal ist der epitheliale Natriumkanal (epithelial Na channel, ENaC). Er ist beispielsweise im Sammelrohr und in den proximalen Tubuluszellen der Niere verantwortlich für die Rückresorption von Natrium-Ionen aus dem Primärharn. Pharmakologische Hemmstoffe des ENaC werden als Diuretika therapeutisch zur Ausschwemmung von Ödemen und zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie eingesetzt. Da sie nicht zu einer vermehrten Kaliumausscheidung führen, werden solche Diuretika auch als „kaliumsparende“ Diuretika bezeichnet.

Antiepileptika und Lokalanästhetika blockieren die Natriumkanäle und unterbinden so die Auslösung eines Aktionspotentials. Auch Riluzol ist ein Natriumkanal-Blocker und wirkt neuroprotektiv.

Literatur

  • Jessell TM, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 154–69. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
  • Bertil Hillel (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. pp. 73–7. ISBN 0-87893-321-2.
  • Yu FH, Catterall WA (2003). "Overview of the voltage-gated sodium channel family". Genome Biol 4 (3): 207. doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-207. PMC 153452 (freier Volltext). PMID 12620097.
  • Isom LL (2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1177/107385840100700108. PMID 11486343.
  • Catterall WA, Goldin AL, Waxman SG (2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated sodium channels". Pharmacol Rev 57 (4): 397–409. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.4. PMID 16382098.
  • Lossin C. "SCN1A infobase". Retrieved 2009-10-30. "compilation of genetic variations in the SCN1A gene that alter the expression or function of Nav1.1"
  • Beyder A, Mazzone A, Strege PR, Tester DJ, Saito YA, Bernard CE, Enders FT, Ek WE, Schmidt PT, Dlugosz A, Lindberg G, Karling P, Ohlsson B, Gazouli M, Nardone G, Cuomo R, Usai-Satta P, Galeazzi F, Neri M, Portincasa P, Bellini M, Barbara G, Camilleri M, Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, D'Amato M, Ackerman MJ, Farrugia, G. "Loss-of-Function of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.5 (Channelopathies) in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.". Gastroenterology. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.054.
  • Vargas-Alarcon G, Alvarez-Leon E, Fragoso JM, et al. (2012). "A SCN9A gene-encoded dorsal root ganglia sodium channel polymorphism associated with severe fibromyalgia". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-23. PMC 3310736 (freier Volltext). PMID 22348792.
  • Catterall WA (April 2000). "From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels". Neuron 26 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81133-2. PMID 10798388.
  • Isom LL, De Jongh KS, Patton DE, Reber BF, Offord J, Charbonneau H, Walsh K, Goldin AL, Catterall WA (May 1992). "Primary structure and functional expression of the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel". Science 256 (5058): 839–42. doi:10.1126/science.1375395. PMID 1375395.
  • Malhotra JD, Kazen-Gillespie K, Hortsch M, Isom LL (April 2000). "Sodium channel beta subunits mediate homophilic cell adhesion and recruit ankyrin to points of cell-cell contact". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (15): 11383–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.15.11383. PMID 10753953.
  • Malhotra JD, Koopmann MC, Kazen-Gillespie KA, Fettman N, Hortsch M, Isom LL (July 2002). "Structural requirements for interaction of sodium channel beta 1 subunits with ankyrin". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29): 26681–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202354200. PMID 11997395.
  • Cantrell AR, Catterall WA (June 2001). "Neuromodulation of Na+ channels: an unexpected form of cellular plasticity". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (6): 397–407. doi:10.1038/35077553. PMID 11389473.
  • Isom LL (February 2001). "Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary". Neuroscientist 7 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1177/107385840100700108. PMID 11486343.
  • Shah BS, Rush AM, Liu S, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (August 2004). "Contactin associates with sodium channel Nav1.3 in native tissues and increases channel density at the cell surface". J. Neurosci. 24 (33): 7387–99. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0322-04.2004. PMID 15317864.
  • Wittmack EK, Rush AM, Craner MJ, Goldfarb M, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD (July 2004). "Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2B: association with Nav1.6 and selective colocalization at nodes of Ranvier of dorsal root axons". J. Neurosci. 24 (30): 6765–75. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1628-04.2004. PMID 15282281.
  • Rush AM, Wittmack EK, Tyrrell L, Black JA, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG (May 2006). "Differential modulation of sodium channel Na(v)1.6 by two members of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 subfamily". Eur. J. Neurosci. 23 (10): 2551–62. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04789.x. PMID 16817858.
  • Kazarinova-Noyes K, Malhotra JD, McEwen DP, Mattei LN, Berglund EO, Ranscht B, Levinson SR, Schachner M, Shrager P, Isom LL, Xiao ZC (October 2001). "Contactin associates with Na+ channels and increases their functional expression". J. Neurosci. 21 (19): 7517–25. PMID 11567041.
  • Srinivasan J, Schachner M, Catterall WA (December 1998). "Interaction of voltage-gated sodium channels with the extracellular matrix molecules tenascin-C and tenascin-R". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (26): 15753–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15753. PMC 28116 (freier Volltext). PMID 9861042.
  • Kim DY, Ingano LA, Carey BW, Pettingell WH, Kovacs DM (June 2005). "Presenilin/gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of the voltage-gated sodium channel beta2-subunit regulates cell adhesion and migration". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (24): 23251–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412938200. PMID 15833746.
  • Ratcliffe CF, Westenbroek RE, Curtis R, Catterall WA (July 2001). "Sodium channel beta1 and beta3 subunits associate with neurofascin through their extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain". J. Cell Biol. 154 (2): 427–34. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102086. PMC 2150779 (freier Volltext). PMID 11470829.
  • Grolleau F, Stankiewicz M, Birinyi-Strachan L, Wang XH, Nicholson GM, Pelhate M, Lapied B (2001). "Electrophysiological analysis of the neurotoxic action of a funnel-web spider toxin, delta-atracotoxin-HV1a, on insect voltage-gated Na+ channels". J. Exp. Biol. 204 (Pt 4): 711–21. PMID 11171353.
  • Possani LD, Becerril B, Delepierre M, Tytgat J (September 1999). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". Eur. J. Biochem. 264 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x. PMID 10491073.
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