„Haltlose Persönlichkeitsstörung“ – Versionsunterschied

aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen
Versionsgeschichte interaktiv durchsuchen
[ungesichtete Version][gesichtete Version]
← Zum vorherigen VersionsunterschiedZum nächsten Versionsunterschied →
Inhalt gelöscht Inhalt hinzugefügt
VisuellWikitext
Converted 1 bare URL web.archive.org archived ref to {{Cite web}}
AZ: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: Die '''Haltlose Persönlichkeitsstörung''' ist eine Persönlichkeitsstörung, bei der die Betroffenen psychopathische Züge aufweisen, die auf kurzsichtigem Egoismus<ref name=":0">{{Literatur |Autor=Emil Kraepelin |Titel=Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen |Verlag=Johann Ambrosius Barth |Datum=1905 |Online=http://archive.org/details/einfhru…
Zeile 1: Zeile 1:
Die '''Haltlose Persönlichkeitsstörung''' ist eine [[Persönlichkeitsstörung]], bei der die Betroffenen [[Psychopathie|psychopathische]] Züge aufweisen, die auf kurzsichtigem [[Egoismus]]<ref name=":0">{{Literatur |Autor=Emil Kraepelin |Titel=Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen |Verlag=Johann Ambrosius Barth |Datum=1905 |Online=http://archive.org/details/einfhrungindiep00kraegoog |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> und unverantwortlichem [[Hedonismus]] beruhen, kombiniert mit der Unfähigkeit, die eigene [[Identität]] an eine Zukunft oder Vergangenheit zu binden.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Claus Langmaack |Titel=‘Haltlose’ type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8) |Sammelwerk=Psychiatric Bulletin |Band=24 |Nummer=6 |Datum=2000-06 |ISSN=0955-6036 |DOI=10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b |Seiten=235–236 |Online=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/haltlose-type-personality-disorder-icd10-f608/3C8947285C86276F90AAB0AFE57B1F00 |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Die Symptome der Haltlosen sind durch einen Mangel an Hemmungen gekennzeichnet.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=May Doria Boumendjel |url=https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01118459/document |titel=Diagnostic de la comorbidité du Trouble de Déficit Attentionnel et d’Hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les patients bipolaires adultes |datum=2014 |sprache=fr |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref>
{{Short description|Personality disorder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Haltlose personality disorder
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| field = [[Psychiatry]]
| synonyms = – Willenloser Psychopath<ref name="jab" /><ref name="jasp" /><ref name="schn" /><br />- Unstable psychopath<ref name="roth" /><br />- Unstable drifter<ref name="rain">{{cite thesis |last1=Raines |first1=Margaret Gordon |title=A quantitative analysis of personality profiles for male drug abusers using the MMPI |date=1979 |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487089582130905 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Classification of the MMPI codes, including scale 4, of an alcoholic subsample in relation to corresponding case history characteristics |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |date=June 1981 |volume=63 |issue=S292 |pages=005–028 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb02469.x |s2cid=221398498 }}</ref><ref name="ann">Annesley, Dr. PT. Asst Psychiatrist, "Psychopathic Personality", St Ebba's Hospital, Epsom. 1963</ref><br />- Disinhibited Personality<ref name="who">[[World Health Organization]], "Lexicon of psychiatric and mental health terms", Second Edition. 1994. Pp. 48+76 – sections "Personality, Dishibited" and "Haltlose Personality"</ref>
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset = Early adulthood<ref name="kramer" /><br />
| duration = Long term
| causes = – Maternal indolence (proposed)<ref name="frank" /><br />- Childhood institutionalization (proposed)<ref name="frank" /><br />- Parental rejection (proposed)<ref name="element" /><br />- Hereditary predisposition [[Maternal effect|through the mother]] (proposed)<ref name="ash">{{cite journal |last1=Aschenbrenner |first1=Alfred |title=Erbpsychiatrische Untersuchungen an neun Incestkindern und ihren Sippen |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie |date=December 1944 |volume=177 |issue=1 |pages=700–724 |doi=10.1007/BF02910000 }}</ref><ref name="lux" />
| risks = [[Parental neglect]]<ref name="frank" /><br />Maternal alcoholism<ref>Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", 1926</ref>
| diagnosis = Based on reported symptoms<br />Symptoms can be tested using [[Temperament-Character Inventory|TCI]] and [[Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire|ZKPQ]]<ref name="alc">{{cite journal |last1=Aluja |first1=Anton |last2=García |first2=Luis F. |last3=García |first3=Óscar |last4=Blanco |first4=Eduardo |title=Testosterone and disinhibited personality in healthy males |journal=Physiology & Behavior |date=October 2016 |volume=164 |issue=Pt A |pages=227–232 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.007 |pmid=27291990 |s2cid=22191238 }}</ref>
| differential = - [[ADHD]]<ref name="stein" /><br />- [[Asthenic personality disorder|Asthenic PD]]<ref name="asthen" /><br />- Delayed maturity<ref name="muller">Muller, C. "Lexikon der Psychiatrie: Gesammelte Abhandlungen der gebräuchlichsten", 2013</ref><br />- [[Simple-type schizophrenia|Simplex]] or [[Disorganized schizophrenia]]<ref name="muller" /><ref name="bericht2" /><br />- [[Epilepsy]] (When Haltlose is combined with alcoholism)<ref name="lich" /><ref name="arc">Kraepelin, Emil. [https://archive.org/stream/einfhrungindiep00kraegoog/einfhrungindiep00kraegoog_djvu.txt Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen], Chapter XXIX: Vorlesung – Krankhafte Personlichkeiten, Leipzig, 1905</ref><br />-[[Dependant personality disorder|Dependant PD]]<ref name="egg" />
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis = – "Particularly unfavorable" regarding long-term decline<ref name="studie" /><br />- Can be controlled by external influence<ref name="hart" /><ref name="tolle">Tolle, R. "Katamnestische Untersuchungen zur Biographie Abnormer Personlichkeiten", Berlin, 1966</ref><ref name="muller" /><br />- Although [[suicide ideation|ideation]] and threats are common, typically lack the courage to commit suicide.<ref name="adler" /><br />- Normal intelligence<ref>Subnormal Personalities: Their Clinical Investigation and Assessment, Page 113. 1961</ref>
| frequency = Equal representation between males and females<ref name="lux" />
| deaths =
}}
{{Personality disorders sidebar}}


Im frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhundert von [[Emil Kraepelin]] und [[Gustav Aschaffenburg]] beschrieben und von [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Eugen Bleuler|Eugen]] und [[Manfred Bleuler]] weiter differenziert, wurde sie umgangssprachlich als Psychopathie mit "fehlender Absicht oder fehlendem Willen" bezeichnet.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0350-2538/2004/0350-25380402243L.pdf |titel=Savremeno određenje poremećaja ličnosti – ponovo otkrivena prošlost |datum=2014 |sprache=sl |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref>
'''Haltlose personality disorder''' is a [[personality disorder]] in which affected individuals possess [[psychopathic]] traits built upon short-sighted [[selfishness]]<ref name="arc" /> and irresponsible [[hedonism]], combined with an inability to anchor one's identity to a future or past.<ref name=Langmaack2000/><ref>Heinemann Medical, "Psychiatry – Modern Practical Nursing Series", Page 90</ref> The symptoms of Haltlose are characterized by a [[disinhibition|lack of inhibition]].<ref>Boumendjel, May Doria. "[https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01118459/document Diagnostic de la comorbidité du Trouble de Déficit Attentionnel et d’Hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les patients bipolaires adultes]." Psychiatrie et santé mentale. 2014.</ref>


Haltlose Persönlichkeiten gelten als "Hauptbestandteil der [[Kriminalität|Schwerkriminalität]]"<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Sigmund (Hg ) Freud |Titel=Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XXII 1936 Heft 4 |Verlag=Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag |Datum=1936 |Online=http://archive.org/details/InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlrPsychoanalyseXxii1936Heft4 |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> und werden als eine der für die [[Kriminologie]] relevanten Ausprägungen der Psychopathie untersucht, da sie sehr leicht in die kriminelle Handlungen verwickelt werden und zu [[Aggression|Aggressoren]]<nowiki/>oder [[Mord|Mördern]] werden können.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Willy Mayer-Gross, Eliot Slater, Martin Roth |Titel=Clinical Psychiatry |Verlag=Cassell |Datum=1954 |Online=https://books.google.ca/books?id=YMBrAAAAMAAJ |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ro.scribd.com/doc/186880786/Criterii-de-Normalitate |titel=Criterii de Normalitate {{!}} PDF |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie Psychiatrie Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten 20.1923- 26.1924 |Online=http://archive.org/details/abhand-10 |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Ihre Psychopathie ist schwer zu erkennen, da immer ein oberflächliches Gefühl der [[Konformität]] vorhanden ist. In einer Charakterisierung der psychischen Erkrankungen aus dem Jahr 2020 heißt es über die Haltlosen, dass "diese Menschen ständig wachsame Kontrolle, Führung, einen autoritären Mentor, Ermutigung und Verhaltenskorrektur benötigen", um einen müßigen Lebensstil, die Beteiligung an antisozialen Gruppen, Kriminalität und [[Drogenmissbrauch]] zu vermeiden.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://m.iliveok.com/health/types-personality-psychopathies_129682i15956.html |titel=Types and classification of psychopathies |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Die ausgeprägten Tendenzen zur [[Suggestibilität]] werden durch Demonstrationen von "abnormaler Starrheit, Unnachgiebigkeit und Festigkeit" ausgeglichen.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=G. Ewald |Titel=Die psychopathischen Charaktere |Sammelwerk=Temperament und Charakter |Verlag=Springer |Ort=Berlin, Heidelberg |Datum=1924 |Reihe=Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie |ISBN=978-3-642-99510-1 |DOI=10.1007/978-3-642-99510-1_6 |Seiten=129–148}}</ref>
Described by [[Emil Kraepelin]] and [[Gustav Aschaffenburg]] in the early twentieth century,<ref name="leci">{{cite journal |last1=Lečić Toševski |first1=Dušica |year=2004 |title=Savremeno određenje poremećaja ličnosti – ponovo otkrivena prošlost |trans-title=Modern definition of personality disorders – rediscovered past |language=sl |journal=Psihijatrija Danas |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=243–260 |url=https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0350-2538/2004/0350-25380402243L.pdf }}</ref><ref>http://www.apnb.neuropsychologie.pro/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/atelier-enfant-05.12.2013.pdf</ref><ref name="exner" /> and further distinguished by [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Eugen Bleuler|Eugen]] and [[Manfred Bleuler]], it has been colloquially dubbed psychopathy with an "absence of intent or lack of will".<ref name="schn">Schneider, K. (1992) Klinische Psychopathologie (14th edn). Stuttgart: Georg Thleme Verlag.</ref>


Nachdem sie aufgrund einer Handlung oder Unterlassung ein schlechtes Gewissen bekommen haben, "leben sie dann in ständiger Angst vor den Folgen ihres Handelns oder Nichthandelns, in Angst vor etwas Schlimmem, das sie treffen könnte", was in krassem Gegensatz zu ihrer scheinbaren Sorglosigkeit oder ihrem [[Hyperthymisches Temperament|hyperthymischen Temperament]] steht, das selbst häufig eine unbewusste Reaktion auf überwältigende Angst ist.<ref name=":1">{{Literatur |Autor=F. Kramer |Titel=Haltlose Psychopathen |Sammelwerk=Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf: 24.–25. September 1926 |Verlag=Springer |Ort=Berlin, Heidelberg |Datum=1927 |ISBN=978-3-642-94454-3 |DOI=10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3 |Seiten=35–94 |Online= |Abruf=}}</ref> Sie ziehen sich häufig aus der Gesellschaft zurück.<ref name=":1" /> Da sie dazu neigen, "zu übertreiben, ihre Erzählungen auszuschmücken, sich selbst in idealen Situationen darzustellen, Geschichten zu erfinden",<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Herman M. Adler |Titel=Psychiatric Contribution to the Study of Delinquency |Online=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Psychiatric_Contribution_to_the_Study_of_Delinquency |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> äußert sich diese Angst dann darin, dass sie "dazu neigen, anderen die Schuld für ihre Vergehen zu geben, und häufig versuchen, sich der Verantwortung für ihre Handlungen zu entziehen",<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Matthew Burnett |Titel=Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon |Datum=2013-11 |Online=https://harvest.usask.ca/handle/10388/ETD-2013-11-1285 |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> sie machen sich selbst nicht für ihr gescheitertes Leben verantwortlich und identifizieren sich stattdessen als schlecht behandelte [[Märtyrer]].<ref name=":0" />
With other [[wikt:hyperthymic|hyperthymics]], Haltlose personalities were considered to make up "the main component of serious crime",<ref name="sig1">Grotjahn, M. of Topeka Kansas, Book Review of F. Stumpl's "Die Urspriinge des Verbrechens" as published in the [International Psychoanalytic University, [https://archive.org/details/InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlrPsychoanalyseXxii1936Heft4 Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse XXII: Heft 4], 1936. Page 619</ref> and are studied as one of the strains of psychopathy relevant to [[criminology]]<ref name="rothmaler">Rothmaler, Christiane. "Von "Haltlosen Psychopathinnen" und "Konstitutionellen Sittlichkeitsverbrechern". Die kriminalbiologische Untersuchungs- und Sammelstelle der Hamburgischen Gefangenenanstalten 1926 bis 1945", Edited by Heidrun Kaupen-Haas et al. Frankfurt/Main 1999: 257–303</ref><ref>Birnbaum, NA, "Kriminal≈Psychopathologie und Psychobiologische Verbrecherkunde", Page 137</ref><ref>Kriminologie, Gerhard Ledig, Page 37</ref> as they are "very easily involved in the criminal history"<ref name="signs">[http://losttorrent.ru/en/psihopatiya---priznaki-u-muzhchin-i-zhenshchin-samye-znamenitye.html Psychopathy – Signs in men and Women], 2019</ref> and may become [[aggression|aggressor]]s<ref name="roth" /><ref name="iust">Dr. Iustinian Turcu, Psychology, "[https://www.scribd.com/doc/186880786/Criterii-de-Normalitate Tulburarile de Personalitate], section "Tulburarea de Personalitate de Tip Haltlose"</ref> or homicidal.<ref name="cox">Weichbrodt, Dr. R., [https://archive.org/details/abhand-10 Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie Psychiatrie Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten], Chapter "Der Selbstmord" page 34 and elsewhere, Berlin 1923</ref> Their psychopathy is difficult to identify as a shallow sense of [[conformity]] is always present.<ref name="lich" />{{verify source|date=January 2021}} A 2020 characterization of mental illnesses noted of the Haltlose that "these people constantly need vigilant control, leadership, authoritarian mentor, encouragement and behavior correction" to avoid an idle lifestyle, involvement in antisocial groups, crime and substance abuse.<ref name="port">Portnov, Dr. Alexey. Reviewed by Dr. Lior Cohen. "[https://iliveok.com/health/types-personality-psychopathies_129682i15956.html Types of Personality Psychopathies], 11 April 2020.</ref> The marked tendencies towards suggestibility are off-set by demonstrations of "abnormal rigidity and intransigence and firmness".<ref name="aa" />


Sie wurden als [[Entartung (Medizingeschichte)|Entartung]] charakterisiert, mit normalem oder erhöhtem [[Intellekt]], aber herabgesetzten [[Moral|moralischen]] Standards.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Einzelganger |url=http://archive.org/details/podcast_einzelganger_41-dgnrs-suprieurs_1000082097957 |titel=41 - Dégénérés supérieurs |datum=2016-04-15 |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Von den zehn von Schneider definierten Typen von Psychopathen wiesen nur die Gemütlosen und die Haltlosen ohne äußeren Einfluss "ein hohes Maß an kriminellem Verhalten" auf und bildeten somit die Minderheit der Psychopathen, die allein aufgrund ihrer eigenen [[Konstitution]] "praktisch dazu verdammt sind, Verbrechen zu begehen". Da sie ihre Ziele häufig ändern,<ref name=":1" /> ist ein haltloser Psychopath "ständig auf der Suche nach äußerem Halt, es ist egal, ob sie sich [[Okkultismus|okkulten]] oder [[Faschismus|faschistischen]] Bewegungen anschließen"<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621195118/https://nachrichtenbrief.com/2015/05/11/der-triebhafte-charakter-heute/ |titel=Die Kulturdebatte zwischen Freud und Reich heute {{!}} Nachrichtenbrief |datum=2020-06-21 |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Die Fähigkeit, äußere Einflüsse zu mäßigen, wurde als eines von drei Merkmalen betrachtet, die zur Bildung einer Gesamtpersönlichkeit erforderlich sind, so dass Haltlose Patienten keine eigene funktionale [[Persönlichkeit]] haben. Eine Studie über Menschen mit einer haltlosen Persönlichkeitsstörung kommt zu dem Schluss: "In allen diesen Fällen war das Ergebnis ein kontinuierlicher sozialer Abstieg, der in einer asozial-parasitären Existenz oder einem antisozial-kriminellen Leben endete".
After discovering a [[guilty conscience]] due to some act or omission they have committed, "they then live under constant fear of the consequences of their action or inaction, fear of something bad that might strike them" in stark opposition to their apparent carelessness or [[hyperthymic temperament]],<ref name="huber" /> which is itself frequently a subconscious reaction to overwhelming fear.<ref name="kramer" /> They frequently [[social withdrawal|withdraw from society]].<ref name="ns" /> Given their tendency to "exaggerate, to embroider their narratives, to picture themselves in ideal situations, to invent stories",<ref name="adler">Adler, Herman M., "[[s:Psychiatric Contribution to the Study of Delinquency]]", 1917</ref> this fear then manifests as being "apt to blame others for their offences, frequently seeking to avoid responsibility for their actions".<ref name="matt" /> They do not hold themselves responsible for their failed life, instead identifying as an ill-treated martyr.<ref name="arc" />


Haltlose haben eine der ungünstigsten Prognosen unter den Psychopathien.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=B. P. Kalachev, I. A. Burlakov, E. V. Dobrokhotova |Titel=[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis] |Sammelwerk=Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia: 1952) |Band=78 |Nummer=11 |Datum=1978 |ISSN=0044-4588 |PMID=726763 |Seiten=1667–1671 |Online=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/726763 |Abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref> Um sicher leben zu können, benötigt ein solcher Psychopath "einen harten Lebensstil" und ständige Überwachung.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2 |titel=Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика/Статика психопатий/Группа неустойчивых психопатов — Викитека |sprache=ru |abruf=2022-01-27}}</ref>
They were characterized as ''[[Dégénérés supérieurs]]'',<ref name="lux" /> demonstrating normal or heightened intellect but degraded moral standards.<ref>Geritz, Thijs [https://archive.org/details/podcast_einzelganger_41-dgnrs-suprieurs_1000082097957 41 – Dégénérés supérieurs], 2016</ref> Of the ten types of psychopaths defined by Schneider, only the [[Gemütlose psychopathy|Gemütlose]] (compassionless) and the Haltlose "had high levels of criminal behavior" without external influence, and thus made up the minority of psychopaths who are "virtually doomed to commit crimes" by virtue only of their own constitution.<ref name="wet">[[Richard Wetzell|Wetzell, Richard]] "Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology", page 151-152, 276</ref> Frequently changing their determined goals,<ref name="kramer" /> a haltlose psychopath is "constantly looking for an external hold, it doesn't really matter whether they join occult or fascist movements".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nachrichtenbrief.com/2015/05/11/der-triebhafte-charakter-heute/ |title=Archived copy |website=nachrichtenbrief.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621195118/https://nachrichtenbrief.com/2015/05/11/der-triebhafte-charakter-heute/ |archive-date=21 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ability to moderate external influence was considered one of three characteristics necessary to form an overall personality, thus leaving Haltlose patients without a functional personality of their own.<ref name="hans">Paul Schröder and Hans Heinze: "Kindliche Charaktere und ihre Abartigkeiten“, (1931) Pp 39+79+196</ref> A study of those with haltlose personality disorder concludes "In all of those cases, the result was a continuous social decline that ended in asocial-parasitic existence or an antisocial-criminal life".<ref name="wet" /><ref>Schneider, Die Psychopathischen Personlichkeiten, 69–73, second edition</ref><ref name="birn">Birnbaum, Die Psychopathischen Verbrecher, 2d ed, pg 54–65</ref>


== Einzelnachweise ==
Haltlose has one of the most unfavorable prognoses of psychopathies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalachev |first1=BP |last2=Burlakov |first2=IA |last3=Dobrokhotova |first3=EV |title=[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis] |journal=Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova |date=1978 |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=1667–1671 |pmid=726763 }}</ref> To exist safely, such a psychopath requires "a harsh lifestyle" and constant supervision.<ref name="pete">[[Pyotr Gannushkin|Gannushkin, Pyotr]], [[s:ru:Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика/Статика психопатий/Группа неустойчивых психопатов|Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика/Статика психопатий/Группа неустойчивых психопатов]], 1933</ref>
<references />

{{Navigationsleiste Persönlichkeitsstörungen}}
==Etymology and criticism==
[[Kategorie:Persönlichkeitsstörung]]
"Haltlos" is a German word that contextually refers to a floundering, [[wiktionary:aimless|aimless]], irresponsible lifestyle,<ref name=Langmaack2000/> and the diagnosis is named "Haltlose" using the feminine variation on the word.<ref name="def">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Paul |title=Definition of 'haltlose' |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |date=April 1998 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=255–256 |doi=10.1192/pb.22.4.255-a |doi-access=free }}</ref> They are commonly clinically termed an "unstable psychopath",<ref name="kramer">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3 |chapter=Haltlose Psychopathen|title=Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf |year=1927 |last1=Kramer |first1=F. |pages=35–94 |isbn=978-3-642-94054-5 }}</ref><ref name="roth">Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1979) [https://books.google.ca/books?id=YMBrAAAAMAAJ Clinical Psychiatry (3rd edn)]. London: Baillière Tindall. pp. 165-166 and elsewhere</ref> which is differentiated from [[emotionally unstable personality disorder]] (an alternate name for borderline personality disorder). It was remarked in early studies that England, the United States and northern European countries did not use the same typology, not distinguishing between those psychopaths who were unstable and those who were "Unstable Psychopaths".<ref name="gam">Homburger, August: "Uber Typenbildung in der Psychopathie", as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928. pp 13 and elsewhere</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2021|reason=unclear what this distinction is supposed to mean}}

It has been dubbed a part of "German-speaking psychiatry".<ref>Feistle, Karl. Neuro-psychiatrie: Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Public Mental Health und Sozialepsychiatrie, [http://docplayer.org/14145489-23-s1-forensische-psychiatrie-psychopathie-die-renaissance-eines-persoenlichkeitskonzeptes.html Band 23 Sonderheft Volume 23]</ref> The term "Haltlose" is more common in the study of psychiatry, while "Willenlose" is preferred in sociology.<ref name="mezger">Mezger, Edmund. "[https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sitz-Ber-Akad-Muenchen-phil-hist-Kl_1949_0001-0051.pdf Probleme der strafrechtlichen Zurechnungsfähigkeit]", 1949. Page 4</ref> Some like [[Karl Birnbaum]] prefer the term "Haltlose", while others like [[Kurt Schneider]] prefer "Willenlos" shifting focus off their lack of self-control<ref name="wet" /> and opposed to the moralist tones of those like Birnbaum who had described the Haltlose as unable to grasp "important ideal values such as honor and morality, duty and responsibility, as well as material ones such as prosperity and health".<ref name="wet" /><ref name="birn" /> In 1928, [[Eugen Kahn]] argued Willenlose was a misnomer, as the patients demonstrated plenty of "will" and simply lacked the ability to translate it into action.<ref name="EugenKahn">Kahn, Eugen. "Die Psychopathischen Personlichkeiten", 1928</ref>

Historically, researchers such as Schneider argued that instability is the symptom, whereas lack of volition is the underlying cause.<ref name="bericht2">Schneider, Kurt. Bericht fiber die dritte Tagung fiber Psychopathenffirsorge, "Die Verwahrlosung vom Standpunkt des Psychiaters", Heidelberg 17.-19. September 1924</ref> It is not included in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]], possibly due to a modern belief that the concept of volition is outdated and overshadowed by the concepts of motivation and arousal or drive.<ref>Mombour, W. Psychopathology journal, "The Modern Assessment of Personality Disorders", pg 273–280 of 1998 journal</ref>

In 1963, [[Karl Jaspers]] defined the term as "those who have no [[wikt:willpower|willpower]] at all, the drifters, simply echoing any influence that impinges on them".<ref name="jasp">Jaspers, K. (1963) General Psychopathology. p. 440.</ref> However, in 1976, the [[Government of Canada]] listed the alternate term "Unstable drifter" in a psychiatric criminology context as a problematic term for which they could not readily offer a French translation in accordance with [[Official bilingualism in Canada|their bilingualism law]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&srchtxt=UNSTABLE+drifter&i=&index=ent&codom2nd_wet=1|title=UNSTABLE drifter [1 record] – TERMIUM Plus® — Search – TERMIUM Plus®|first=Public Works and Government Services Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=8 October 2009|website=www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2source?lang=eng&srchtxt=UNSTABLE+drifter&i=1&index=ent&src_id=O10491976&rlang=en&titl=unstable+drifter&fchrcrdnm=1#resultrecs|title=Sources, unstable+drifter – TERMIUM Plus® — Search – TERMIUM Plus® – Translation Bureau|first=Public Works and Government Services Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=8 October 2009|website=www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca}}</ref> Similar issues have arisen trying to translate it to other languages, including [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>Past, Present And Future Of Psychiatry – Ix World Congress Of Psychiatry (In 2 Volumes) Allan Beigel, Jorge Alberto Costa E Silva, Juan J Lopez-ibor Jr, World Scientific, 27 September 1994. Pages 131–132</ref> Ultimately the diagnosis was handicapped by the issues of translation, leading to criticism of "the impoverishment of psychiatric vocabulary" that led to declining research and use.<ref name="jab">{{cite journal |last1=Jablensky |first1=Assen |title=Definition of 'haltlose' |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |date=May 1998 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=326 |doi=10.1192/pb.22.5.326 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2021|reason=unclear what this quote is attempting to say}}

In the early 20th century, Aschaffenburg distanced himself from accusations that the diagnosis was intended to protect criminals from punishment, emphasizing instead that those with Haltlose personality disorder "generally cannot be exculpated".<ref name="christian">Pruter-Schwarte, Christian. "Gustav Aschaffenburg und die Frage der verminderten Zurechnungsfahigkeit", p.496</ref><ref>Aschaffenburg, Gustav & Alfred Hoche, "Handbuch der Gerichtlichen Psychiatrie", 1901. p.40</ref>

Dr. [[Friedrich Stumpfl]] cautioned against what he saw as a trend of diagnosing haltlose personality disorder without investigating comorbidities that may be even more pronounced.<ref name="stump">{{Cite book|last=Stumpfl |first=Friedrich |title=Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen |chapter=V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen |pages=180 and elsewhere |year=1935 |isbn=978-3-662-25838-5}}</ref> In condemning the idea of [[personality disorder]]s generally, [[Joachim-Ernst Meyer]] suggested in 1976 that Schneider's early description of the Haltlose personality disorder, as a lack of determination in aspects of life including parenting, could just as easily be described as an example of a [[neurosis]] rather than a [[psychopathy]] if studied only by its [[aetiology]] rather than its symptoms,<ref name="meyer" /> and used it as an example of the [[nature versus nurture]] debate that surrounded all personality disorders.<ref name="meyer">{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Joachim-Ernst |title=Psychiatrische Diagnosen und ihre Bedeutung für die Schuldfähigkeit im Sinne der §§ 20/21 |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft |date=1976 |volume=88 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/zstw.1976.88.1.46 |s2cid=178892478 }}</ref> Critics ceded that the term "Haltlose" remained of value in educational and therapeutic contexts, while suggesting future collaboration between psychiatric research and sociologists would allow further definition.<ref>"Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen", Hamburg 13–15 September 1928</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2021 |reason= This source is from 1928, and follows a criticism from 1976. Up to date?}}

Recently,{{when|date=January 2021}} it has been criticized as a "diagnosis of convenience [that] avoids all further deliberations about a psychopathic personality".<ref name="bum">Khan, E. as published by Owald Bumke. "Spezieller Teil: Erster Teil Die Psychopathischen Anlagen", page 387++ and elsewhere {{year missing|date=January 2021}}</ref> Dr. DM Svrakic and Dr. M Divac-Jovanovic suggested the ICD-10 explanations of Haltlose, Immature and Psychoneurotic personality disorders appeared "dubious",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Svrakic, Dragan M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053904049|title=The fragmented personality : an integrative, dynamic, and personalized approach to personality disorder|others=Divac-Jovanovic, Mirjana,, WebCom, Inc|date=19 November 2018|isbn=978-0-19-088457-4|location=New York|oclc=1053904049|page=86}}</ref> and sociologist James Cosgrave found psychiatric use to represent a "fringe figure".<ref>Cosgrave, James F. "The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader", Page 372</ref> A [[graduate student]] at [[Bochumer Stadt- & Studierendenzeitung|Bochumer Stadt & Studierendenzeitung]] condemned the historical diagnosis from an [[LGBT]] perspective, opining that "incredibly oppressive language" had been used by the psychiatrists studying it such as "pathological femininity".<ref>Lux, Stephanie, BSZOnline, [https://www.bszonline.de/artikel/wahnsinn-diese-frauen Wahnsinn, diese Frauen!], 22 June 2015</ref>

It may be that the evolution of test-batteries have minimized diagnoses of Haltlosen, differentiating it from some newer models in psychiatry.<ref name="stein" />

==Physiology==
Described as bearing a "pronounced heredity burden",<ref name="art">[[Arthur Kielholz|Kielholz, Arthur]], [https://archive.org/details/InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlrPsychoanalyseXix1933Heft4 Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4], "Weh'dem der lugt! Beitrag zum problem der pseudologia phantastica"</ref> the propensity for Haltlose has also been suggested to be passed only through the maternal genes.<ref name="ash" /> Only{{Dubious|date=January 2021}} able to offer "primitive reactions"<ref>[https://dokumen.pub/psychiatrie-der-brandstiftung-eine-psychopathologische-studie-anhand-von-gutachten-1nbsped-3798515190-9783798515192.html Psychiatrie der Brandstiftung: Eine psychopathologische Studie anhand von Gutachten &#91;1 ed.&#93;], 2005</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}} and "poor and immature judgement",<ref name="matt" /><ref name="emil" /> they are noted to display an absolute lack of purpose in their lives "except for the simple biological need to continue living".<ref>British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication, Issues 9-11, Page 30</ref>{{Year needed|date=January 2021}}

[[Gustav von Bergmann]], a specialist in [[internal medicine]] rather than [[psychiatry]], wrote in 1936 that Haltlose personality disorder was entirely biological rather than fostered through psychological experiences.<ref>Bergmann, Dr. Gustav von. "Funktionelle Pathologie eine Klinische Sammlung von Ergebnissen und Anschauungen Einer Arbeitsrichtung", Springer, 1936. Page 532</ref> Indeed, Dr. Hans Luxenburger proposed in 1939 that a toxin in the metabolism, when present with Haltlose personality disorder, might be responsible for asthenic difficulties such as shortness of breath, nausea, and [[cluster headaches]].<ref name="lux">Luxenburger, Dr. Hans. "Die Schizophrenie und ihr Erbkreis", pp 791, 1051, 1092, 1113, 1121, 1143, 1257 of the "Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen", 1939</ref> Dr. E.H. Hughes noted that two-thirds of [[Huntington's disease]] patients had previously been diagnosed as Haltlose or Gemütlose psychopaths.<ref name="lux" />

A study in 1949 of different psychopathies under examination by [[electroencephalography]] recordings showed that borderline personalities and haltlose personalities had increased levels of [[Circadian dysrhythmia|dysrhythmia]], whereas other subtypes of psychopathy did not show variation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Høncke |first1=Poul |last2=Strömgren |first2=Erik |last3=Zahle |first3=Vagn |title=Elektrencephalographische Untersuchungen an Psychopathen |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |date=1949 |volume=183 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.1007/BF01062481 |s2cid=22447355 }}</ref> An individual in 1931 was noted as having initially improved but relapsed "because of encephalitis".<ref name="ber">{{cite journal |last1=Berlit |first1=Berthold |title=Erblichkeitsuntersuchungen bei Psychopathen |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie |date=December 1931 |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=382–498 |doi=10.1007/BF02897001 }}</ref> As with other personality disorders, a 1923 article suggests it can also be acquired through [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Psychopathien und Defektprozesse |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |date=December 1923 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=303–320 |doi=10.1007/BF01835682 |last1=Raecke |s2cid=33062707 }}</ref> In 2006, an [[Essex]] warehouse employee who suffered head injuries was awarded £3&nbsp;million compensation on the basis it had caused him to develop Haltlose personality disorder, seeking out prostitutes and pornography which destroyed his marriage.<ref>[[Business Insider]], [https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20061231/story/100020716/end-page End Page: Disinhibited Libido merits 3 million award], 31 December 2006</ref>

{{rquote|right|"Mistakes cannot be fully avoided when placing children under care. even an experienced specialist often cannot distinguish between a blossoming [[hebephrenia]] and a Gemutlose or Haltlose personality disorder. Even with weeks of institutional observation, the certainty of our diagnostic aids can remain doubtful...under certain circumstances a doctor will advise medical care even at the risk of learning the patient cannot improve as a result of mental illness and will end up in a madhouse."|[[Kurt Schneider]]<ref name="bericht2" />}}
Dr. W. Blankenburg posited in 1968 that those with haltlose personality disorder exhibited less [[categorical orientation]] than those patients who were simply unstable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blankenburg |first1=W. |title=Der Versagenszustand bei latenten Schizophrenien |trans-title=Some problems of latent schizophrenia |language=de |journal=Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift |date=January 1968 |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1105014 |pmid=5634958 }}</ref> By 1962, [[lobotomy]] was being tested as a possible means to limit the chaotic thinking of the Haltlose personality.<ref>Zentralblatt fue die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=qI4vAAAAIAAJ Volumes 168–169], pg 166</ref>

Kraepelin, in noting "an increased risk of criminal behavior", estimated that 64% of men and 20% of women with Haltlose descended into alcoholism in the early twentieth century.<ref name="stein" /> The frequent intersection between HLPD and alcoholism means modern [[clinical research]]ers may use "haltlose" as a grouping when separating subjects by disposition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kristianson |first1=P. |title=Classification of the MMPI profiles of two alcoholic groups |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |date=November 1976 |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=359–380 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00132.x |pmid=1007940 |s2cid=20547244 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hampton |first1=Peter J. |title=Representative Studies of Alcoholism and Personality: I. Naturalistic Studies |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |date=November 1951 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=203–210 |doi=10.1080/00224545.1951.9919074 }}</ref><ref>Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", Hamburg, 1926</ref>{{Specify |reason=Explain how a 1926 source supports this "modern clinical researcher" perspective. |date=January 2021}} Research in 1915 noted an increased propensity for lavish spending, and [[overconsumption]] of coffee, tea and medication.<ref name="studie" />

One 1954 study suggested female Haltlose patients may experience "manic excitement" during their [[menses]].<ref>Folia Psychiatria et Neurologica Japonica. Vol. 8, No. 3, 1954. STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL CYCLE. BY Yukio Ota, Torayoshi Mukai and Katsumi Gotodrt Neuropsychiatric Clinic of Osaka City Medical School (Director Prof.S. Sakavzoto) & Gynecological Clinic oE Osaka City Medical School (Director Prof. H Fujivzori)</ref> According to 1949 research, they have a higher rate of homosexuality,<ref name="exner" /> and 1939 evidence suggested that [[masturbation]] is more prevalent in Haltlose and Gemütlose (compassionless) psychopaths than in other disorders,<ref name="hans" /> and Haltlose [[erethics]] leave them "usually very sexually excited" and seeking out "atypical, irregular and unusual" debauchery whether in brothels, adultery or destroying marriages.<ref name="studie" /><ref name="matt" /><ref name="emil" />

They demonstrate similarities to [[hysteroid dysphoria]].<ref>Aleksandrov AA, 1978</ref><ref name="lich" /> In 1928, it was proposed that [[Fantasy prone personality]] was likely a subset of Haltlose personalities, suffering from [[maladaptive daydreaming]] and [[Absorption (psychology)|Absorption]].<ref name="schultz">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-51083-0_3 |chapter=Die Konstitutionelle Nervosität |trans-chapter=The constitutional nervousness |language=de |title=Spezieller Teil |year=1928 |last1=Schultz |first1=J. H. |pages=28–111 |isbn=978-3-540-01062-3 }}</ref>

The [[eugenicist]] Verners Kraulis of the [[University of Latvia]] noted{{when|date=January 2021}} it was frequently [[comorbid]] with [[Histrionic personality disorder]].<ref name="india">[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112778/page/n169/mode/2up Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders]", page 154-169</ref>

==Symptoms==
According to 1968 research, haltlose personality disorder is frequently [[comorbid]] with other mental health diagnoses, and rarely appears isolated on its own.<ref name="petril">{{cite book |doi=10.1159/000390426 |chapter=Psychopathie und Neurose |trans-chapter=Psychopathy and neurosis |language=de |title=Charakterstudien |trans-title=Character studies |year=1968 |pages=223–232 |isbn=978-3-8055-0986-2 |editor1-last=Petrilowitsch |editor1-first=N. }}</ref> [[Hans Heinze]] focused on his belief that Haltlose ultimately stemmed from a sense of inferiority,<ref name="hans" /> while Kramer held there was a battling [[inferiority complex]] and [[superiority complex]].<ref name="ns">{{cite journal |last1=Foley |first1=Paul Bernard |title=Sons and daughters beyond your control: episodes in the prehistory of the attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome |journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders |date=September 2014 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=125–151 |doi=10.1007/s12402-014-0137-y |pmid=24700331 |s2cid=904158 }}</ref>

The Haltlose were said to have a dynamic instinctual drive to "cling" to others,{{when|date=January 2021}} to avoid a horrible loneliness they fear<ref name="lich" />{{Year needed|date=January 2021}} – but they will always represent a "lurking danger" because they were unable to actually maintain the necessary relationship and were in a class with the "[[Incel#Lexicology|forever abandoned]]".<ref name="szond" /> According to 1926 research, they view all interaction as a means of winning "indulgence from some people, help from other people".<ref name="ham">Homburger, August. "Vorlesungen über Psychopathologie des Kindesalters". Berlin 1926. Pgs 304–324</ref>

One early study indicated that 7.5% of psychopaths were Haltlose,<ref name="mull" /><ref>NB: This study, circa 1967, pre-dated the modern categorization of Personality Disorders</ref> and Kraepelin estimated that his own practice determined fewer than 20% of psychopaths he saw were Haltlose.<ref name="stein">Steinberg, Holger & Maria Strauss. "Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung bei Erwachsenen in der klinischen Beschreibung und der Klassifikation von Emil Kraepelin", 2019. Pgs 6–8 and elsewhere</ref> However more recent studies, after differentiating out newer diagnoses, have suggested that it may be fewer than 1% of psychopaths who are truly Haltlose.<ref name="lich" />{{year needed|date=January 2021}}<ref>Shostakovich Boris V., 1971</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2021|reason=Why is a 1967 study early but a 1971 one not?}}

Described in 1922 as both "moody" and "passive",<ref name="jules">Raecke, Julius, "Grundriss der Psychiatrischen Diagnostik", 1922. pp.</ref> they quickly switch from over-confidence in victory to sullen defiance.<ref name="studie" />

Their [[emotional lability]]<ref name="hart">Hartmann, K. "Theoretische Und Empirische Beitrage zur Verwahrlosungsforschung", Berlin, 1970</ref><ref name="muller" /> means they alternate between projecting an optimistic and competent image claiming they are "destined to do great things", and a more honest cynicism and depression.<ref name="adler" /> Research in 1925 indicates they display "great emotional irritability, which may result in violent loss of temper...and interpret every limitation as an undeserved insult"<ref name="adler" /><ref>Reichspost, [http://www.wirgratulieren.at/index.php?kid=16&a_s=70&gr_a_sort=4&gr_a_sort_d=-1&gratulation_ausgabe_id=9&gratulation_typ=0&gratulation_online_datum=0 Wohnungsnot und Nerven], 8 November 1925</ref> and have a "pronounced lust for argument".<ref name="ash" /> The symptoms are considered to worsen if patients are granted greater independence "in the home and in their work".<ref name="kramer" />

Their [[self schema]] only encompasses the immediate present.<ref name=Langmaack2000>{{cite journal |last1=Langmaack |first1=Claus |title='Haltlose' type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8) |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |date=June 2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b |doi-access=free }}</ref> They are described as "living in a random location and moment".<ref name="iust" />{{year needed|date=January 2021}} A common pitfall in therapy is that they proved in 1917 to be "very superficial, they easily acquire knowledge but do not apply it in any way and soon forget it".<ref name="adler" />

{{Rquote|right|"The essence of these people...playthings of external influences, allowing themselves to be carried away by events like a leaf in the wind! ...Impermanence is everything. In one hour, they are happy and excited with the whole world lying open for them in the splendor of the joy of life, but the next hour casts aside this optimism and the future now seems bleak, gray on gray...sympathies and antipathies quickly replace each other, what was worshipped yesterday is burned today, and despite all oaths of eternal loyalty, the best friend is transformed into the deeply-loathed enemy overnight.""|source=Dr. L. Scholz, Anomale Kinder, Berlin. 1919<ref name="kinder">Scholz, Dr. L. with Dr. Adalbert Gregor, "[https://archive.org/details/anomalekinder00scho Anomale Kinder], Berlin. 1919. Page 157-159</ref>}}
Those with HLPD display "a number of endearing qualities, charming with an apparent emotional warmth, but also an enhanced suggestibility and a superficiality of affect", which can lead to unrealistic optimism.<ref name=Langmaack2000/> and "wandering through life without ever taking firm root".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Millon |first1=Theodore |last2=Simonsen |first2=Erik |last3=Birket-Smith |first3=Morten |chapter=Historical conceptions of psychopathy in the United States and Europe |pages=3–31 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSiBsdxcGigC&pg=PA3 |editor1-last=Millon |editor1-first=Theodore |editor2-last=Simonsen |editor2-first=Erik |editor3-last=Birket-Smith |editor3-first=Morten |editor4-last=Davis |editor4-first=Roger D. |year=1998 |title=Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-57230-864-0 }}</ref> They are also noted as "absolutely indifferent to others...likes to live for [their] pleasure today, does not make plans not only for the future but even for tomorrow, studying and working are not for them".<ref name="signs" /> Persons with HLPD typically lack any deep knowledge, and "look for easy life and pleasures".<ref>Melik-Pashayan, A.E. [[Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi]], Department of Psychiatry, [https://ysmubooks.am/uploads/psychiatry.pdf Psychiatry: Handout for Foreign Students], Armenia, 2011</ref> They have been described as "conquerers with an appearance of emotional warmth".<ref name="iust" />

Persons with HLPD were noted as struggling with [[hypochondria]] in 1907.<ref>Diefendorf, Allen Ross. "Psychiatry" (1907), p.522.</ref> They also struggle with alcoholism,<ref>D.K. Henderson and R.D. Gillespie, A Text-book of
Psychiatry for Students and Practitioners (OUP, Oxford, 1932), p.383</ref><ref name=Langmaack2000/> and identify with [[antisocial personality disorder]].<ref name=Langmaack2000/><ref name="sieverts" />

Kraepelin said they were "apt to take senseless journeys, perhaps even becoming vagabonds".<ref name="matt">{{cite thesis |last1=Burnett |first1=Matthew |title=Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon |date=November 2013 |hdl=10388/ETD-2013-11-1285 }}</ref><ref name="emil">Kraepelin, E. (1912). Psychiatry: A textbook for students and physicians (7th ed.) (A. R. Diefendorf, Trans.). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1903–1904)</ref> Kraepelin argued only lifelong wanderlust was tied to Haltlose, whereas Kahn argued that the Haltlose often lost their wanderlust as they aged and preferred to settle into mediocrity.<ref name="EugenKahn" /> Some make their fortune, but the disappearance of less fortunate travelers is not mentioned by their families who considered them to have been burdensome.<ref name="ham" />

To early twentieth-century researchers, they appeared amiable, well-spoken, self-confident and to be making strong efforts to improve their weaknesses, thus making a misleading [[First impression (psychology)|first impression]] and endearing themselves to superiors.<ref name="ham" /> The lack of a sense of identity, or internal support, was thought to a lack of resistance to both external and internal impulses in 1927.<ref name="kramer" /> Their "gradual deterioration in the swamp of neediness and immorality" still does not make a lasting impression on the patients.<ref name="studie" /> Thus Haltlose patients who recognize their shortcomings were thought to possibly be overwhelmed by a subconscious fear about participating in the world without restraints in a 1924 account.<ref name="bericht2" /> Similarly, researchers in the early twentieth-century believed that the inauthenticity of their projected self and superficiality of knowledge means that when "someone who is really superior to [them]", after a period of stiffly asserting themselves hoping to avoid submission, will ultimately and without explanation fully embrace the position of the other.<ref name="ham" />

[[Pathological lying]] is closely linked to Haltlose personality disorder, with [[Arthur Kielholz]] noting "They lie like children...this activity always remains just a game which never satisfies them and leaves them with a guilty conscious because neither the [[super ego]] nor the [[Id (psychology)|Id]] get their due... Since they are offering such a [[daydream]] as a gift, they consider themselves entitled to extract some symbolic gift in return through fraud or theft".<ref name="art" />{{year needed|date=January 2021}} Adler maintained "Memory is usually poor and untrustworthy... often they seem to have no realization of the truth",<ref name="adler" /> while Homburger felt they held "no sense of objectivity, no need for truth or consistency".<ref name="ham" />

According to early accounts, choices are made, often in mirroring others around them, but "do not leave even a passing imprint on the person's identity".<ref name="frank" /> Thus, they can "behave properly for a while under good leadership",<ref name="kramer" /> and are not to be trusted in leadership positions themselves.<ref name="aa">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-99510-1_6 |chapter=Die psychopathischen Charaktere |trans-chapter=The psychopathic characters |language=de |title=Temperament und Charakter |series=Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie |year=1924 |last1=Ewald |first1=G. |volume=41 |pages=129–148 |isbn=978-3-642-98695-6 }}</ref> Gannushkin noted they must be urged, scolded or encouraged "with a stick, as they say".<ref name="pete" /> They demonstrate poor mood control and "react quickly to immediate circumstances" since "mood variation can be extreme and fluctuate wildly", which led to the denotation "unstable psychopath".<ref name="fam">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3191-6_22 |chapter=Moody patients |title=Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practice |year=1987 |last1=Pollitt |first1=John D. |pages=220–228 |isbn=978-94-010-7931-0 }}</ref>

They have been described as "[[wikt:cold-blooded|cold-blooded]]",<ref name="huber">Huber, Gerd. "Psychiatrie: Lehrbuch für Studium und Weiterbildung", Page 444+</ref> but must be differentiated from [[dependent personality disorder]], as the two can appear similar, due to the artifice of the Haltlose patient, despite having starkly opposing foundations.<ref name="asthen">{{Cite book|last=Stumpfl |first=Friedrich |title=Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen |chapter=V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen |page=222 |year=1935 |isbn=978-3-662-25838-5}} NB this work uses the term "Asthenic Psychopath", others use "Asthenic Personality Disorder" or "Dependent Personality Disorder".</ref> Persons with Dependent Personality Disorder are defined by a tendency to embarrassment,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Psychopathy |journal=Soviet Law and Government |date=October 1969 |volume=8 |issue=2–4 |pages=393–413 |doi=10.2753/RUP1061-194008020304393 }}</ref> and submissiveness<ref>{{cite web |title=Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9783-dependent-personality-disorder |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=30 March 2017 }}</ref> which are not genuine facets of those with Haltlose even if they mimic such. Haltlose was thus deemed the "more troublesome" personality in 1955.<ref name="tonge">{{cite journal |last1=Tonge |first1=W. L. |title=The Neurasthenic Psychopath |journal=British Medical Journal |date=30 April 1955 |volume=1 |issue=4921 |pages=1066–1068 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4921.1066 |pmid=14363794 |pmc=2061785 }}</ref>

==Childhood origins, and later role of family==
{{rquote|right|"Whomever is abandoned in youth to the inexorable misery of existence, and at the same time is exposed to all manner of seductions, will find it very difficult to curb their constantly incited desires, and to instead force themselves through to the lofty vantage of moral self-assertion.|Kraepelin speaking about the Haltlose, 1915<ref name="studie" />}}
It has been proposed that haltlose personality disorder may arise from "traumatization through [[maternal indolence]]" or institutionalization in early life, although without definite conclusion.<ref name="frank">Frankenstein, Carl. "Varieties of Juvenile Delinquency", pp. 115, 158 and elsewhere</ref> It may present in childhood simply as a [[hypomanic]] reaction to the loss of a parent or [[incest object]].<ref name="szond">Szondi, L. "Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik", 1972 ed. Pg 192</ref> They often display a fear of [[Abandonment (emotional)|abandonment]] that appeared in childhood,<ref name="sieverts">Sieverts, Rudolf. Schneider, Hans J. "Aberglausse – Kriminalbiologie", 2011. Page 517</ref> a common BPD symptom. Male Haltlose personalities may come out of families with a pampering, over-protective and domineering mother with a weak father.<ref name="meyer" /> Homburger noted the "childhood and youth of the Haltlose are extraordinarily sad".<ref name="ham" /> It is possible, but rare, for Haltlose personalities to develop within healthy family structures.<ref name="lich" />

[[Gerhardt Nissen]] referenced the possibility of [[intrauterine]] factors in the shaping of anti-social behaviors in Haltlose psychopaths, while noting the concept of psychopathy had been so weakened in modern psychopathology as to be indistinguishable from other conditions.<ref name="egg">C. Eggers R. Lempp G. Nissen P. Strunk, "Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Sechste, unveranderte Auflage mit 93 Abbildungen und 41 Tabellen", 6th ed, 1993. Pg 126 and 507</ref> Others have suggested there is a strong heredity correlation, as the parents often also display Haltlose personality disorder, especially the mother.<ref name="lux" /><ref name="ash" /> Raising a Haltlose child can, in some cases, destroy the family structure by forcing relatives to take opposing positions, provoking disagreement and creating an atmosphere of bitterness and dejection.<ref name="ham" /> They have been clinically described as disappointments to their families,<ref name="egg" /> and are unable to feel actual love for their parents and are indifferent to the hardships of relatives – since all relationships are seen only as potential means towards acquiring pleasure.<ref name="lich" />

Care must be taken in making Haltlose diagnoses of children, since "the traits of instability of purpose, lack of forethought, suggestibility, egoism and superficiality of affect...are to some extent normal in childhood".<ref name="roth" /> Children with Haltlose personality disorder demonstrate a marked milieu dependency,<ref name="mess">{{cite thesis |last1=Messner |first1=Melanie Theresia |url=https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/content/titleinfo/3674445/full.pdf |title=Pathologisierung des Verbrechens. Kriminalität und Psychopathologie im kriminalwissenschaftlichen Diskurs um 1900 |trans-title=Pathologizing the crime. Crime and Psychopathology in the Forensic Discourse around 1900 |language=de |year=2019 }}</ref> which may be a cause rather than effect of the Haltlose.<ref name="art" /> It is of great importance that [[only children]] with Haltlose have peers and friends to surround themselves to try and learn associations and behaviors.<ref name="studie" /> They often become sexually active at a young age but delayed [[sexual maturity]], and as adults retain a [[psychophysical infantilism]].<ref>Lebedinskaya, Klara S., Grinberg, K.N., Rayskaya, M.M., & Malinouskine, B.H. "A clinical picture of oligophrenia related to three extra sex chromosomes." Defectologia, 1978. (assumed, Lichko credits simply "Lebedinskaya KS et al., 1978"</ref><ref name="lich" /> Regressive addictions amongst Haltlose psychopaths typically are infantile, and seek to replace the lost "dual union" arising from their parents' rejection, and later morph into a focus on subjects including vengeance or [[sado-masochism]].<ref name="element">Elemente der Exakten Triebpsychiatrie, [https://issuu.com/szondiinstitut/docs/szondi_triebpathologie_2._teil "Klinische Psychologie Experimentelle Syndromatik"], Page 190-191</ref>

The age at which parents or professionals exhibited concern about psychopathy ranged; rarely even at a [[preschool]] age.<ref name="ham" /> Haltlose children confusingly tend to appear very strong-willed and ambitious, it is only as they age and the lack of perseverance becomes manifest that caretakers become puzzled by their "naughtiness" as it contradicts what had earlier appeared.<ref name="ham" /> This arises principally due to their rigid demands for short-term wishes being mistakenly interpreted as having a fixed purpose and persistence.Some patients later shown to be Haltlose, had shown [[neuropathy|neuropathic]] traits in childhood such as [[bedwetting]] and [[stuttering]].<ref name="lich">[[Lichko, A. E.]] [http://www.psychiatry.ru/lib/1/book/55/chapter/32 Psychopathies and Character Accentuation in Adolescents], Chapter 32</ref> They were also more likely to [[run away]] from their home, begin drinking before the socially acceptable age, and were afraid of punishment.<ref name="lich" /> Although struggling to make friends in young childhood, they find it easier as they age.<ref name="wit">Witter, Prof. Hermann. "Grundriss der gerichtlichen Psychologie und Psychiatrie", 1970. p 121</ref>
[[File:Russia stamp 1992 No 17.jpg|thumb|The Russian storybook character [[Dunno]] has been noted as an example of a child with Haltlose personality disorder.<ref name="lich2">Ivanovich, Kozlov Nikolai https://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/neustoychivyy-tip</ref>]]

Kraepelin contended the disorder was "based on a biological predisposition" but also affected by factors such as childrearing practises, social position and state of the parental home.<ref name="stein" /> His analysis showed that 49% of diagnosed Haltlose had obvious parental issues such as alcoholism or personality disorders.<ref name="stein" /> A 1944 study of children produced by [[incest]] by Dr. Alfred Aschenbrenner found a high rate of Haltlose personality disorder, which he suggested might be explained as inherited from overly suggestive mothers.<ref name="ash" /> It is possible, although difficult, to diagnose from the age of five<ref>Psychotherapie: Psychoanalytische Entwicklungspsychologie N eurosenlehre Behandlungsverfahren Aus- und Weiterbildung, 1993. Page 9, Table 3</ref> and presents one of the stronger psychiatric difficulties if present at such young age.<ref name="shoe" /> It may be possible to prevent social failure "through welfare measures" akin to [[early intervention]].<ref name="shoe">Schubert, Werner. "Protokolle der Strafrechtsausschüsse des Reichstags", 1995. Pg153</ref> Italian courts stressed [[mimicry]] of positive role models as a means to combat Haltlose youth who had fallen afoul of the law.<ref>Saporito, Filippo, "I deboli dell'intelligenza e gli instabili del earattere in rapporto alia legge penale. Spunti ed appunti di eriminologia minorile". 1939 (trans: "The intellecutally handicapped and Haltlose characters in relation to criminal law: Hints and notes on Juvenile criminology) (Scuola di Per[ez. in Diritto Penale, [[Sapienza University of Rome|University of Rome]]) Arch. di Antrop. crimin. pgs 9, 88–137</ref>

===Schooling===
Haltlose can cause educational difficulties,<ref name="ber" /> and if parents do not understand the peculiarities of their Haltlose child, they may try to through good intentions to force the child into an educational regimen inappropriate for them, which then creates a feeling of isolation in the child which grows into a rebellious tendencies, "which turns out to be disastrous for further development".<ref name="kramer" /> Students with Haltlose personalities may prefer the arts over the sciences, since the former does not require a consistent sense of truth and entails less disciplined study.<ref name="cox" /><ref name="kinder" /><ref name="lich" /> Given their inability to anchor a self-schema and tendency to play-act roles, the theatre and film have great attraction and influence over them.<ref name="adler" />

With proper leadership and controls from teachers, they are able to become "model pupils" in terms of behavior,<ref name="exner" /> although Schneider opined that it was worthless to educate an inability to learn from mistakes prevented actual education, and bemoaned that the late onset of anti-social behaviors kept the Haltlose in school when they might otherwise be removed.<ref name="bericht2" /> Walter Moos believed that Haltlose personality disorder and hyperthymia had shown itself to be contagious in rare cases, wherein classmates developed the same disorder from interaction with patients.<ref name="moo">Moos, Walter: "Sonderschulen inkl. Unterricht fur psychopathische Kinder und Jugendliche" as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928. Pp 96 and elsewhere.</ref> Homburger argued for removing a Haltlose child from their family of origin as soon as the disorder was confirmed, to resettle in a rural educational centre.<ref name="ham" />

===Adolescence, young adulthood and efforts to intervene===

When required to live independently, they "soon lose interest, become distracted and absent-minded, and commit gross errors and negligence".<ref name="adler" /> [[Ruth von der Leyen]] noted that "every care provider, teacher and doctor knows the Haltlose Psychopath from their practice", and remarked that caring for such a patient was made more difficult because of the need to lecture and intervene to enlist the psychopath's cooperation in short-term improvements, despite being aware the psychiatric reports have determined such efforts are ultimately useless but should be practised regardless.<ref>Leyen, Ruth von der. "Ausbildungsfragen", as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928.</ref>

The tendency to accumulate debts while seeking pleasure or escaping responsibility is often the attributed cause for their descent into crime, although Kramer noted those who displayed "extreme dexterity, sufficient talent for imagination, and a tendency towards dishonesty" were able to find alternative sources of income without necessarily becoming criminal, although warned that "again and again, their debts have to be paid until the parents no longer can, or want to, do this and leave them to their selves".<ref name="kramer" />

Gannushkin noted "Such people involuntarily evoke sympathy and a desire to help them, but the assistance rendered to them rarely lasts, so it is worth abandoning such people for a short while".<ref name="pete" /> The wasted good intentions resulted in the summary "probably the most important function of the psychiatrist when dealing with these patients is to protect their relatives and friends from ruining themselves in hopeless attempts at reclamation. With most of these patients a time comes when the relatives will be best advised...to allow the patient to go to prison, or otherwise suffer unsheltered the consequences of his deeds."<ref name="roth" />

By contrast, others have advanced the "rather optimistic" belief that "a suitable [spouse]" or similar "strong-willed" relative could drastically improve the outcome of Haltlosen patients.<ref name="pete" /><ref name="curran">D. Curran and E. Guttman, Psychological Medicine: A Short Introduction to Psychiatry with an Appendix: War-Time Psychiatry (E. and S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1943), p.61</ref> This was echoed by [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko]] who, while preferring the term "accentuation of character" to describe the psychopathy rather than "personality disorder", noted "if they fall into the hands of a person with a strong will, for example a wife or husband, they can they live quite happily...but the guardianship must be permanent."<ref name="lich2" />

==Criminology==
{{Rquote|right|[The Unstable Psychopath] will distinguish [them]self by the glibness and insincerity of [their] protestations...[they] blame [them]self not at all and only hope to be extracted from [their] difficulties to continue as before on much the same path. However superficial their affects, personalities of this type often show an apparent warmth...permit[ting] them to impose on their friends and relatives to an almost unbelievable extent.|source=Roth and Slater<ref name="roth" />}}
While some Haltlose have risen to the level of [[dangerous offender]]s multiple times over, it is more frequent that they attract attention early from their "vagabond" nature.<ref name="nose">Waltisbühl, Rudolf. "Die Bekämpfung des Landstreicher und Landfahrertums in der Schweiz" (1944), PP 69, 109</ref>

Heinrich Schulte, a wartime medical judge and consulting psychiatrist for the military, continued advocating for the sterilization of Haltlose and other "Schwachsinnigen" after the war's end.<ref name="alice">Halmi, Alice. "[https://www.scribd.com/document/94901254/kontinuitaeten-zwangspsychiatrie Kontinuitäten der (Zwangs-)Psychiatrie. Eine kritische Betrachtung]", 2008</ref> In 1979, the [[Neue Anthropologie]] publication referred to a need to sterilize those like alcoholics, "who are often Haltlose psychopaths", from bearing children, to reduce crime.<ref>Knaack, Kirsten. [http://www.hilfsschule-im-nationalsozialismus.de/seite-45.html Die Hilfschul: 8. Aktueller wissenschaftlicher Rassismus in der Neuen Rechten am Beispiel der Zeitschrift "Neue Anthropologie"]</ref>

Although Kraepelin believed those with Haltlose personality disorder represented the [[wikt:antithesis|antithesis]] of morality,<ref name="urs">{{cite book |last1=Germann |first1=Urs |title=Psychiatrie und Strafjustiz: Entstehung, Praxis und Ausdifferenzierung der forensischen Psychiatrie in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz 1850–1950 |year=2004 |trans-title=Psychiatry and criminal justice: emergence, practice and differentiation of forensic psychiatry in German-speaking Switzerland 1850–1950 |language=de |publisher=Chronos |isbn=978-3-0340-0678-1 }}{{page needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> there is not necessarily a tendency towards deliberate amorality among the demographic despite its frequent criminal violations since they may lack the ability to premeditate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skodol |first1=Andrew E. |year=1998 |title=Psychopathology and Violent Crime |publisher=American Psychiatric |isbn=978-0-88048-834-1 }}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> But their demonstrated lack of self-control is "especially manifested in the sphere of morality".<ref>{{cite web |title=Личность расторможенная - это... Что такое Личность расторможенная? |url=https://psychology.academic.ru/4286/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |language=ru |trans-title=Disinhibited personality }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2020}}

In 1935, it was estimated that 58% of [[recidivist]] criminals were diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder, higher than any other personality disorder.<ref name="stump" /> More recently, Haltlose and Histrionic were the most common personality disorders found in female [[juvenile delinquent]]s by [[forensic psychologist]]s in Russia in the year 2000.<ref name="we">{{cite book |doi=10.32745/9783954661794-10 |chapter=Sexualität, abweichendes Sozialverhalten und Geschlechterrollen delinquenter weiblicher Jugendlicher |trans-chapter=Sexuality, deviant social behavior and gender roles of delinquent female adolescents |language=de |title=Bad Boys Sick Girls: Geschlecht und dissoziales Verhalten |year=2010 |last1=Dozortseva |first1=Elena G. |last2=Davydov |first2=Dimitry |last3=Morozova |first3=Elena |last4=Savelieva |first4=Irina |last5=Sokolova |first5=Iryna |last6=Terekhina |first6=Svetlana |last7=Vostroknutov |first7=Nikolai |pages=131–142 |isbn=978-3-95466-179-4 }}</ref>

===Domestic violence, incest and molestation of children===
{{Rquote|right|"[Patients resembling Haltlose] as a rule show little insight into the peculiarities of their conduct. They do not understand how they could have done these things, or they blame their relatives, neighbors and so forth".<br />-Dr. Herman Morris Adler, 1917<ref name="adler" />}}
Although they enter relationships easily, [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko]] contends they are not capable of actual [[loyalty]] or [[selfless love]], and sex is treated as a form of entertainment rather than intimacy.<ref name="lich" /> They are therefore described as acting as "family tyrants".<ref name="studie">Kraepelin, Emil, [https://archive.org/details/psychiatrieeinle04krae/page/n7/mode/2up Psychiatrie : ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzteby], 1915. Page 1794, 1996+ and elsewhere</ref>

Although they may not qualify as "true" [[pedophiles]], Haltlose personalities demonstrate an increased risk of sexually molesting children, since other potential victims would require the realization of greater planning, but children are suggestible and easily overwhelmed.<ref>Markus T. Gastpar, Siegfried Kasper, Michael Linden, "Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie", 2013, pg 226</ref><ref name="exner">Exner, Dr. Franz. "Kriminologie", Heidelberg, 1949.</ref>

A 1967 German study had suggested over 90% of adult-child [[incest]] offenders were diagnosed with Haltlose Personality Disorder.<ref name="mull">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-88580-8 |title=Unzucht mit Kindern |trans-title=Fornication with children |language=de |series=Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie |year=1967 |volume=121 |isbn=978-3-540-03939-6 |last1=Wyss |first1=R. }}{{page needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Female patients may also live [[Vicariousness|vicariously]] through encouraging and directing the sexual lives of their daughters.<ref name="studie" />

===Drunk driving, hit-and-run===
Some Haltlose personalities are drawn towards [[dangerous driving]] habits "as a source of almost [[hedonist]] pleasure".<ref name="lich" /> In 1949 the [[Automobil Revue]] proposed that additional tests should be necessary for Haltlose personalities to obtain a driver's license.<ref>Automobile Revue, [https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/read/59869165/e-1949-zeitung-nr042 Pg 26–27], 28 September 1949</ref> They have been known to steal cars to [[Joyride (crime)|joyride]] at high speeds if they are not otherwise able to find satisfy their urge.<ref name="lich" />

The ''[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]'' published a study of [[hit and run]] drivers in 1941, which showed 40% of drivers who fled the scene of a traffic accident tested positive for Haltlose personality disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selling |first1=Lowell S. |title=The Psychopathology of the Hit-And-Run Driver |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |date=July 1941 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.1176/ajp.98.1.93 }}</ref> This was consistent with the earlier finding that Haltlose personalities were among the most likely to attempt to flee if caught in commission of any crime.<ref name="puber">{{cite book |last1=Pappenheim |first1=Martin |last2=Grosz |first2=Carl |title=Die Neurosen und Psychosen des Pubertatsalters |trans-title=The neuroses and psychoses of puberty |language=de |date=1914 |publisher=J. Springer |page=56 |oclc=15730006 }}</ref>

===Suicidality and murder-suicide===
Research in the early twentieth century on suicidality among the Haltlose indicated several things: they chafe at the notion of any religion as it introduces unwanted [[wikt:inhibition|inhibitions]], especially against [[parasuicidal]] demonstrations;<ref name="cox" /><ref name="ham" /> women Haltlose most frequently indicated suicidality was based upon fear of punishment or reproach, as well as the "excitement" of being institutionalized;<ref name="studie" /> and although frequently planning or attempting suicide, including through [[suicide pact]]s or [[murder suicide]], Haltlose typically do not succeed since they lacked courage and were easily distracted.<ref name="studie" /><ref name="adler" />

===Institutionalization===
Haltlose patients respond very well to institutionalization where their influences can be controlled, becoming "model inmates" of sanitariums even within hours of first arriving despite a chaotic life outside of the regimen, "but if you leave them, through good intentions, to their own devices – they don't last long before collapsing their current state and being seduced back onto the wrong track".<ref name="huber" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Über individuelle und kollektive Methoden in der Psychotherapie |trans-title=About individual and collective methods in psychotherapy |language=de |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie |date=December 1937 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1007/BF02870762 |last1=Villinger }}</ref>{{Attribution needed|date=January 2021}} Schneider recommended warning them "through punishing them" as it was the only control on their action.<ref name="mezger" /> Bleuler said the court system needed to understand such persons were in "urgent need of inhibitions".<ref>Die Offene Fürsorge in der Psychiatrie und ihren Grenzgebieten, By E. Bleuler, page 168</ref>

[[Pyotr Gannushkin]] noted they joined military service due to [[peer pressure]] but given the lack of alcohol and stern, hard work required of them were able to function without their normal impairment.<ref name="pete" /> A 1942 study of the [[Wehrmacht]] found that only Haltlose and [[Schizoid]] were not measurable among soldiers despite their presence in the civilian population.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Günther |first1=Katrin |title=Diagnose 'Psychopath' – Die Behandlung von Soldaten und Zivilisten in der Marburger Universitäts-Nervenklinik 1939–1945 |trans-title=Diagnosis 'Psychopath' – The treatment of soldiers and civilians in the Marburg University Psychiatric Clinic 1939–1945 |language=de |date=24 June 2008 |doi=10.17192/z2008.0366 }}</ref> A 1976 Soviet naval study came to similar conclusions.<ref>Ivanov N. Ya., 1976</ref>

Roth and Slater concluded "the treatment of such a personality is almost hopeless under the present ordering of society. Any treatment would...present difficulties...beyond the powers of these patients. The prospects of psychotherapy are forlorn and the best that can be obtained will be reached through social control."<ref name="roth" />

Some researchers{{who|date=January 2021}} suggest their moods and insufficient motivation will lead them to "vague feelings of fear and calamity...turning every little thing into big things, excitement, misinterpreting every harmless word, criticizing everything and commiting hostile acts", and in some cases they look back with hindsight and regret the injustices they did.<ref name="puber" /> However Kramer held that when caught in wrongdoing, "we find them contrite, self-accusing and assuring that they will improve – but on closer inspection it is feigned and not sincere".<ref name="kramer" />

Upon being confronted with their misdeeds, the Haltlose respond "with more or less superficial reasons to excuse them, they claim that their parents treated them incorrectly, that they were the victim of adverse circumstances, seduced by other people and misled. Other Haltlose, especially those with a strong intellect, make up a theoretical schema that would justify their actions."<ref name="kramer" />

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[[Arthur Kielholz|Kielholz, Arthur]], [https://archive.org/details/InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlrPsychoanalyseXix1933Heft4 Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4], "Weh'dem der lugt! Beitrag zum problem der pseudologia phantastica", an article on pathological lying in the Haltlose patients Max Specke, a Swiss [[charlatan]] with a penchant for melodramatic flair and Emil Schuldling, a habitual criminal with childhood sexual perversions
*[https://www.beobachter.ch/gesellschaft/robert-wenger-sie-haben-die-billigste-losung-gewahlt Story of Robert Wenger], who was diagnosed Haltlose and spent 54 years between institutions and prison for minor crimes until the documentary series [[Quer (documentary series)|Quer]] exposed his case, leading to an apology from politician [[Samuel Bhend]] in 1999.
*[http://www.raunitz.de/sh_tote_opfer/k_hager.html Karl Hager], a habitual criminal diagnosed Haltlose who was frequently jailed for homosexual acts and was ultimately killed in [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] {{in lang|de}}
*[https://stolpersteine-konstanz.de/sieger_karl.html Biography of a man diagnosed Haltlose in 1936] {{in lang|de}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Berlit |first1=Berthold |title=Erblichkeitsuntersuchungen bei Psychopathen |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie |date=December 1931 |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=382–498 |doi=10.1007/BF02897001 }}
*[https://www.stolpersteine-homosexuelle.de/alfred-ledermann Article referencing Hermann Lederman], discharged from the [[Wehrmacht]] in 1940 having been diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder and sent to [[Wehrmachtgefängnis Torgau]]
*[https://stolpersteine-konstanz.de/sieger_karl.html Article about Karl Sieger, a chronic drunkard] diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder in 1936 by Dr. Ferdinand Rechberg of [[Konstanz]]
*[[Thomas Leveritt]]'s novel ''The Exchange-Rate Between Love and Money'' contains a character, Frito, who has Haltlose personality disorder

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F60.8}}
}}

{{ICD-10 personality disorders}}

[[Category:Anti-social behaviour]]
[[Category:Forensic psychiatry]]
[[Category:Mental health in Germany]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Free will]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Version vom 27. Januar 2022, 21:16 Uhr

Die Haltlose Persönlichkeitsstörung ist eine Persönlichkeitsstörung, bei der die Betroffenen psychopathische Züge aufweisen, die auf kurzsichtigem Egoismus[1] und unverantwortlichem Hedonismus beruhen, kombiniert mit der Unfähigkeit, die eigene Identität an eine Zukunft oder Vergangenheit zu binden.[2] Die Symptome der Haltlosen sind durch einen Mangel an Hemmungen gekennzeichnet.[3]

Im frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhundert von Emil Kraepelin und Gustav Aschaffenburg beschrieben und von Karl Jaspers, Eugen und Manfred Bleuler weiter differenziert, wurde sie umgangssprachlich als Psychopathie mit "fehlender Absicht oder fehlendem Willen" bezeichnet.[4]

Haltlose Persönlichkeiten gelten als "Hauptbestandteil der Schwerkriminalität"[5] und werden als eine der für die Kriminologie relevanten Ausprägungen der Psychopathie untersucht, da sie sehr leicht in die kriminelle Handlungen verwickelt werden und zu Aggressorenoder Mördern werden können.[6][7][8] Ihre Psychopathie ist schwer zu erkennen, da immer ein oberflächliches Gefühl der Konformität vorhanden ist. In einer Charakterisierung der psychischen Erkrankungen aus dem Jahr 2020 heißt es über die Haltlosen, dass "diese Menschen ständig wachsame Kontrolle, Führung, einen autoritären Mentor, Ermutigung und Verhaltenskorrektur benötigen", um einen müßigen Lebensstil, die Beteiligung an antisozialen Gruppen, Kriminalität und Drogenmissbrauch zu vermeiden.[9] Die ausgeprägten Tendenzen zur Suggestibilität werden durch Demonstrationen von "abnormaler Starrheit, Unnachgiebigkeit und Festigkeit" ausgeglichen.[10]

Nachdem sie aufgrund einer Handlung oder Unterlassung ein schlechtes Gewissen bekommen haben, "leben sie dann in ständiger Angst vor den Folgen ihres Handelns oder Nichthandelns, in Angst vor etwas Schlimmem, das sie treffen könnte", was in krassem Gegensatz zu ihrer scheinbaren Sorglosigkeit oder ihrem hyperthymischen Temperament steht, das selbst häufig eine unbewusste Reaktion auf überwältigende Angst ist.[11] Sie ziehen sich häufig aus der Gesellschaft zurück.[11] Da sie dazu neigen, "zu übertreiben, ihre Erzählungen auszuschmücken, sich selbst in idealen Situationen darzustellen, Geschichten zu erfinden",[12] äußert sich diese Angst dann darin, dass sie "dazu neigen, anderen die Schuld für ihre Vergehen zu geben, und häufig versuchen, sich der Verantwortung für ihre Handlungen zu entziehen",[13] sie machen sich selbst nicht für ihr gescheitertes Leben verantwortlich und identifizieren sich stattdessen als schlecht behandelte Märtyrer.[1]

Sie wurden als Entartung charakterisiert, mit normalem oder erhöhtem Intellekt, aber herabgesetzten moralischen Standards.[14] Von den zehn von Schneider definierten Typen von Psychopathen wiesen nur die Gemütlosen und die Haltlosen ohne äußeren Einfluss "ein hohes Maß an kriminellem Verhalten" auf und bildeten somit die Minderheit der Psychopathen, die allein aufgrund ihrer eigenen Konstitution "praktisch dazu verdammt sind, Verbrechen zu begehen". Da sie ihre Ziele häufig ändern,[11] ist ein haltloser Psychopath "ständig auf der Suche nach äußerem Halt, es ist egal, ob sie sich okkulten oder faschistischen Bewegungen anschließen"[15] Die Fähigkeit, äußere Einflüsse zu mäßigen, wurde als eines von drei Merkmalen betrachtet, die zur Bildung einer Gesamtpersönlichkeit erforderlich sind, so dass Haltlose Patienten keine eigene funktionale Persönlichkeit haben. Eine Studie über Menschen mit einer haltlosen Persönlichkeitsstörung kommt zu dem Schluss: "In allen diesen Fällen war das Ergebnis ein kontinuierlicher sozialer Abstieg, der in einer asozial-parasitären Existenz oder einem antisozial-kriminellen Leben endete".

Haltlose haben eine der ungünstigsten Prognosen unter den Psychopathien.[16] Um sicher leben zu können, benötigt ein solcher Psychopath "einen harten Lebensstil" und ständige Überwachung.[17]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ a b Emil Kraepelin: Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen. Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1905 (archive.org [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  2. ↑ Claus Langmaack: ‘Haltlose’ type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8). In: Psychiatric Bulletin. Band 24, Nr. 6, Juni 2000, ISSN 0955-6036, S. 235–236, doi:10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b (cambridge.org [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  3. ↑ May Doria Boumendjel: Diagnostic de la comorbidité du Trouble de Déficit Attentionnel et d’Hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les patients bipolaires adultes. 2014, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022 (französisch).
  4. ↑ Savremeno određenje poremećaja ličnosti – ponovo otkrivena prošlost. 2014, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022 (slowenisch).
  5. ↑ Sigmund (Hg ) Freud: Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XXII 1936 Heft 4. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1936 (archive.org [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  6. ↑ Willy Mayer-Gross, Eliot Slater, Martin Roth: Clinical Psychiatry. Cassell, 1954 (google.ca [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  7. ↑ Criterii de Normalitate | PDF. Abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022.
  8. ↑ Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie Psychiatrie Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten 20.1923- 26.1924. (archive.org [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  9. ↑ Types and classification of psychopathies. Abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022.
  10. ↑ G. Ewald: Die psychopathischen Charaktere. In: Temperament und Charakter (= Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1924, ISBN 978-3-642-99510-1, S. 129–148, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99510-1_6.
  11. ↑ a b c F. Kramer: Haltlose Psychopathen. In: Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf: 24.–25. September 1926. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1927, ISBN 978-3-642-94454-3, S. 35–94, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3.
  12. ↑ Herman M. Adler: Psychiatric Contribution to the Study of Delinquency. (wikisource.org [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  13. ↑ Matthew Burnett: Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon. November 2013 (usask.ca [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  14. ↑ Einzelganger: 41 - Dégénérés supérieurs. 15. April 2016, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022.
  15. ↑ Die Kulturdebatte zwischen Freud und Reich heute | Nachrichtenbrief. 21. Juni 2020, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022.
  16. ↑ B. P. Kalachev, I. A. Burlakov, E. V. Dobrokhotova: [Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis]. In: Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia: 1952). Band 78, Nr. 11, 1978, ISSN 0044-4588, S. 1667–1671, PMID 726763 (nih.gov [abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022]).
  17. ↑ Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика/Статика психопатий/Группа неустойчивых психопатов — Викитека. Abgerufen am 27. Januar 2022 (russisch).
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haltlose_Persönlichkeitsstörung&oldid=219614640“