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BIM
Beschreibung	barbadische Literatur-Zeitschrift
Herausgeber	Esther Phillips
Weblink	www.bimmag.org

Al-Asma'i magazine logo 1908

Al-Asma’i (arabisch الأصمعي) war eine kurzlebiges arabisches Literarisches und politisches biweekly magazine published in 1908 and 1909 in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. The magazine was one of the first publications to emerge in Palestine following the lifting of press censorship.Vorlage:Sfn It was printed and distributed in Jerusalem, while the magazine's headquarters and offices were in Jaffa.Vorlage:Sfn

The magazine was established by Hanna El-Issa, an Arab Christian businessman from Jaffa,Vorlage:Sfn in the wake of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which lifted press censorship in the empire.Vorlage:Sfn He was intermittently joined by writers including Khalil Sakakini, Isaaf Nashashibi, and Mananah Sidawi.Vorlage:Sfn The publication was named after Al-Asmaʿi, an early Arab scholar.Vorlage:Sfn The first edition of Al-Asma'i was published on 1 September 1908 and the last one on 1 February 1909, for a total of eleven editions over a period of five months.Vorlage:Sfn

Al-Asma'i presented issues facing Palestinian society, describing its difficulties and hardships, as well as conveying its demands.Vorlage:Sfn From the start, Al-Asma'i was opposed to and fearful of Zionism, and opposed Jewish immigration to Palestine from a perspective of local patriotism and Arab nationalism.Vorlage:Sfn The magazine frequently criticized the Zionist settlers and accused them of unfair competition with Arab craftsmen and traders, resenting the privileges they enjoyed from foreign powers, and considered them a threat to the local population.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

It also focused on the Arab laity's struggle against the Greek clergy dominating the Jerusalem Orthodox Patriarchate, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement. It wrote about topics of interests to Arab peasants, such as agricultural development,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn and promoted women's issues, including importance of their education. The magazine was discontinued due to the owner Hanna El-Issa's preoccupation with the Arab Orthodox Movement, and his death on 12 September 1909. His brother Yousef El-Issa and cousin Issa El-Issa, later went on to establish Falastin in 1911, which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.

Background

Ottoman licensing approval for Al-Asma'i, 1908

Prior to 1908, the Palestine region of the Ottoman Empire had no Arabic-language press, except for an official gazette published in Jerusalem in both Arabic and Turkish.Vorlage:Sfn But after the Young Turk Revolution that year, which lifted press censorship in the empire, fifteen publications emerged in Palestine.Vorlage:Sfn Many of these leading publications were edited or published by prominent figures from the Palestinian Arab Christian community, particularly members of the Orthodox Church.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Al-Asma'i and the newspaper Al-Quds were one of the first two publications to have emerged in Palestine in 1908.Vorlage:Sfn

Al-Asma'iVorlage:'s founder and editor was Hanna El-Issa, an Arab Christian businessman from Jaffa,Vorlage:Sfn who was a member of the El-Issa family, which had pioneered newspaper publishing in Palestine.Vorlage:Sfn Hanna was the older brother to Yousef El-Issa, and cousin to Issa El-Issa, the two founders of Falastin in 1911, which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.Vorlage:Sfn Hanna also wrote for the Jerusalem-based newspaper Al-Quds owned by Jurji Habib Hannania, whose equipment he used for the printing of the magazine.Vorlage:Sfn Thus Al-Asma'i was printed and distributed in Jerusalem, but its headquarters and offices were in Jaffa.Vorlage:Sfn

Its first issue was published on 1 September 1908 and the last one was on 1 February 1909.Vorlage:Sfn Being published every two weeks, it had eleven editions published over five months.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In addition to Hanna El-Issa, it was intermittently edited by a number of authors including Khalil Sakakini, Isaaf Nashashibi, and Mananah Sidawi.Vorlage:Sfn The magazine is often mentioned in Sakakini's memoirs; in one example, he mentions in an 1908 entry: "I washed and exercised, and after breakfast I sat at my desk, smoked my nargilah and proofread the drafts for al-Asma'i."Vorlage:Sfn

Political positions

Portrait of Khalil Sakakini, an editor of Al-Asma'i, taken in Jerusalem, 1906

Arab Orthodox Movement

The Arab Orthodox Movement is a political and social movement dating since the late 19th century that aims for the Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which has jurisdiction over the Orthodox communities of the regions of Palestine, and Transjordan, to which most Christians there belong. Both editors Hanna El-Issa and Khalil Sakakini were Arab Christian members of the Orthodox Church and active figures in the movement, which they frequently wrote about in the magazine.

Opposition to Zionism

Vorlage:See also From the start, Al-Asma'i was opposed to and fearful of Zionism, and opposed Jewish immigration to Palestine from a perspective of local patriotism and Arab nationalism.Vorlage:Sfn Scholar Neville J. Mandel considered that this represented early anti-Zionist tendencies, writing that: "In so doing, they were in advance, sometimes very much in advance, of their readers."Vorlage:Sfn

The magazine frequently criticized the Zionist settlers and accused them of unfair competition with Arab craftsmen and traders, resenting the privileges they enjoyed from foreign powers, and considered them a threat to the local population.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn It cited how their foreign citizenships entailed them exemptions from certain taxes, and how their European skills and culture gave them other advantages.Vorlage:Sfn To oppose them, Al-Asma'i proposed various policies, including preference for buying locally produced goods, instead of "foreign", i.e. Jewish ones; and the promotion of industry and commerce by wealthy Arabs.Vorlage:Sfn In one article, the magazine lamented about the Jewish immigrants:Vorlage:Sfn Vorlage:Cquote

View of the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem where the magazine was printed and published, 1910

In another article in Al-Asma'i written by Arab Muslim writer Isaaf Nashashibi criticized the unwillingness and failure of the European Jewish immigrants to integrate in their new surroundings or to bother learning Arabic, which was a common theme in the Arab anti-Zionist press of the time.Vorlage:Sfn Nashashibi wrote that Jews "should help in reviving this [Arabic] language after its destruction," and urged that they “rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine,” arguing that there was no chance of reaching such hopes. “If the Jews want to live a good life with us, they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language... They should imitate our brothers, the Christians, who are founding schools and teaching this beautiful language.”Vorlage:Sfn

Al-Asma'iVorlage:'s attacks on Zionism led to a number of complaints by Zionists to the district attorney, Yusuf Al-Hakim, representing the Ottoman Empire in Jaffa. The complaints were mainly initiated by Shimon Moyal and his wife Esther, Jews of Moroccan origin, as well as by Nissim Malul, a Jew of Tunisian origin.Vorlage:Sfn

Other topics

The magazine also was concerned with agricultural affairs, and the state of Arab fellahin (peasants), to which it recommended that the younger generation of Arabs learn and follow Jewish agricultural methods. This point was illustrated by a comparison between the lower standard of living in large Arab villages compared to the ones in smaller Jewish colonies.Vorlage:Sfn It promoted creating specialized banks providing financial loans for agricultural development.Vorlage:Sfn It was also concerned with women's issues, highlighting the importance of their education.

Discontinuation

The magazine's last edition appeared on 1 February 1909, as its owner Hanna El-Issa was preoccupied with the Arab Orthodox Movement and was representing Jaffa as part of an Orthodox delegation sent to the Ottoman government in Istanbul to negotiate for the establishment of a mixed council in the Jerusalem Church that would represent the Palestinian Arab community in addition to the Greek clergy; and for the provision of thirty thousand Ottoman gold pounds annually by the church for educational and social projects. Having returned from Istanbul to undergo surgery, Hanna died shortly afterwards on 12 September 1909 in Jerusalem.

The provisions negotiated by the Orthodox delegation were not realized, which triggered a series of demonstrations and protests among the Arab laity demanding their implementation. It was at this point that Issa El-Issa left his job as a bank clerk and joined the movement against the Church by establishing the newspaper Falastin in 1911, following the advice of his late cousin Hanna who told him that establishing a new newspaper would help him reach out to a larger audience.Vorlage:Sfn Issa utilized contacts in Al-Asma'i to acquire writers for his new newspaper,Vorlage:Sfn which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.

See also

• Media of the Ottoman Empire
• History of Palestinian journalism
• Falastin

Literatur

• Abdelal |first= Wael |date= 1 March 2012|title= From the Mosque to Satellite Broadcasting: A Historical Perspective of Hamas Media Strategy |url= https://www.proquest.com/openview/691a432867ce512e6eec2bc8a89a1a00/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y%7Cdegree=PhD in Politics|chapter= |publisher= University of Exeter|docket= |oclc= |access-date=26 March 2024}}
• Ayalon |first=Ami |title=Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1900-1948 |year=2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |doi=10.7560/705791 |isbn= 978-0-292-79736-9|jstor=10.7560/705791 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cB7AAAAQBAJ}}
• Ben-Bassat |first=Yuval |editor-first1=Yuval |editor-first2=Eyal |editor-last1=Ben-Bassat |editor-last2=Ginio |title=Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule |year=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn= 978-0-75569-304-7|doi=10.5040/9780755693047 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmGJDwAAQBAJ}}
• Bracy| first = R. Michael | title = Printing Class: 'Isa Al-'Isa, Filastin, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911-1931 | year = 2011 | publisher = University Press of America | isbn = 978-0-7618-5375-6| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jFkBke8q2fkC}}
• Dowty |first=Alan |title=Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide |year=2019 |publisher=Indiana University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvbnm423 |isbn= |jstor=j.ctvbnm423 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ}}
• Kabha | first = Mustafa | title = The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39 | year = 2007 | publisher = Vallentine Mitchell | isbn = 978-0-85303-672-2| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QSgmAQAAMAAJ}}
• Khalaf| first = Noha | title = Les Mémoires de 'Issa al-'Issa - Journaliste et intellectuel palestinien (1878-1950) | year = 2009 | publisher = KARTHALA Editions | isbn = 978-2-8111-3105-0| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp_aM6qVMvUC%7Clanguage=French}}
• Mandel | first = Neville J. | title = The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I

| year = 1976 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn =  978-0-520-02466-3| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kdnxxIskv_MC}}

• Morris| first = Benny | title = Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998| year = 2011 | publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-307-78805-4| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xC_uIe9G2FYC}}
• Muslih| first = Muhammad Y. | title = The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism

| year = 1988 | publisher = Columbia University Press | isbn = 978-0-231-06509-2| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OOsv1423_JYC}}

• Tamari |first=Salim |title=The Great War and the Remaking of Palestine |year=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520291263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEwsDwAAQBAJ}}
• Toksoz |first=Meltem |editor-first1=Biray |editor-first2=Meltem |editor-last1=Kolluoğlu |editor-last2=Toksöz |title=Cities of the Mediterranean: From the Ottomans to the Present Day |year=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury publishing |isbn= 978-1-8488-5127-6|doi=10.5040/9780755619368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1l-JDwAAQBAJ}}

Einzelnachweise

== Weblinks == * [https://dloc.com/title-sets/UF00095850/browse ''BIM''] in der [[Digital Library of the Caribbean]]. dloc.com. * [http://www.bimmag.org/ Offizielle Website]: bimmag.org * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140914030800/http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bimarts/home.aspx BIM magazine.] cavehill.uwi.edu. University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, Barbados 2014. * Reinhard W. Sander: [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00095850/00001/1 Index to Bim, 1942–1972]. [[University of Florida]] Digital Collections. ufdc.ufl.edu. {{SORTIERUNG:Al-Asmai}} [[Kategorie:Englischsprachige Zeitschrift]] [[Kategorie:Ersterscheinung 1942]] [[Kategorie:Literaturzeitschrift]] [[Kategorie:Barbados]] 1908 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1908]] [[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1909]] [[Category:1909 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Magazines published in Jerusalem]] [[Category:Biweekly magazines]] [[Category:Anti-Zionism in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalism]] [[Category:History of Jaffa]] [[Category:History of Jerusalem]] [[Category:Defunct Arabic-language magazines]] [[Category:Magazines published in the Ottoman Empire]]