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added reference to Feynman's 1964 lecture on emergent gravity
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added reference to the published version of Verlinde's preprint
Zeile 8: Zeile 8:


==Erik Verlinde's theory==
==Erik Verlinde's theory==
In 2009, [[Erik Verlinde]] disclosed a conceptual theory that describes gravity as an entropic force.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> On January 6, 2010 he published a [[preprint]] of a 29 page paper titled ''On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton''.<ref name="VerlindePaper">{{cite arxiv|last=Verlinde|first=Eric|title=Title: On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton|eprint=1001.0785|date=6 January 2010|class=hep-th}}</ref> Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued that gravity is a consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. This theory combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with [[Gerardus 't Hooft]]'s [[holographic principle]]. If proven correct, this implies gravity is not a [[fundamental interaction]], but an [[emergent phenomenon]] which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. [[Andrew Strominger]], a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes On Gravity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
In 2009, [[Erik Verlinde]] disclosed a conceptual theory that describes gravity as an entropic force.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> On January 6, 2010 he published a [[preprint]] of a 29 page paper titled ''On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton''.<ref name="VerlindePaper">{{cite arxiv|last=Verlinde|first=Eric|title=Title: On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton|eprint=1001.0785|date=6 January 2010|class=hep-th}}</ref> (It was published in April 2011).<ref>{{cite journal |author=E.P. Verlinde |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 |journal=JHEP 04, 29 (2011) |title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton }}</ref> Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued that gravity is a consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. This theory combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with [[Gerardus 't Hooft]]'s [[holographic principle]]. If proven correct, this implies gravity is not a [[fundamental interaction]], but an [[emergent phenomenon]] which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. [[Andrew Strominger]], a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes On Gravity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 12, 2010}}</ref>


Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], [[New Scientist]], 20 January 2010, issue 2744</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', 20 January 2010</ref> and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the
Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], [[New Scientist]], 20 January 2010, issue 2744</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', 20 January 2010</ref> and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the

Version vom 20. Mai 2011, 15:24 Uhr

Vorlage:Expert-subject

Verlinde's statistical description of gravity as an entropic force leads to the correct inverse square distance law of attraction between classical bodies.

Entropic gravity is a hypothesis in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force; not a fundamental interaction mediated by a particle, but a probabilistic consequence of physical systems' tendency to increase their entropy.

Origin

Entropic gravity has a history that goes back at least to Richard Feynman in the early 1960's,[1] and to research on black hole thermodynamics by Bekenstein and Hawking in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between gravity and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat and gases. In 1995, Jacobson demonstrated that the Einstein equations describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the equivalence principle.[2] Subsequently, other physicists began to explore links between gravity and entropy.[3][4]

Erik Verlinde's theory

In 2009, Erik Verlinde disclosed a conceptual theory that describes gravity as an entropic force.[5] On January 6, 2010 he published a preprint of a 29 page paper titled On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton.[6] (It was published in April 2011).[7] Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued that gravity is a consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. This theory combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerardus 't Hooft's holographic principle. If proven correct, this implies gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic degrees of freedom encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. Andrew Strominger, a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."[8]

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,[9][10] and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,[11][12] the dark energy hypothesis,[13] cosmological acceleration,[14][15] cosmological inflation,[16] and loop quantum gravity.[17] Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales.[18]

Critique

Verlinde’s theory is criticized [19] on the basis that it fails to reproduce gravitational bound states of neutron observed in the experiments with ultracold neutrons[20]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Further reading

Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Theories of gravitation

  1. ↑ R.P. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (Messenger Lectures, 1964): Lecture 2 on The Relation of Mathematics to Physics; the part on emergent gravity starts 7 minutes into this video clip
  2. ↑ Theodore Jacobson: Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State. In: Phys.Rev.Lett.75:1260-1263,1995. 75. Jahrgang, Nr. 7, 4. April 1995, S. 1260–1263, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260, arxiv:gr-qc/9504004, bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.1260J.
  3. ↑ Thanu Padmanabhan: Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights. In: Rep. Prog. Phys. 73 (2010)01. 73. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 26. November 2009, S. 6901, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901, arxiv:0911.5004, bibcode:2010RPPh...73d6901P.
  4. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  5. ↑ Martijn van Calmthout: Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald? In: de Volkskrant, 12 December 2009. Abgerufen im 6 September 2010 (dutch). 
  6. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  7. ↑ E.P. Verlinde: On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton. In: JHEP 04, 29 (2011). doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029.
  8. ↑ Dennis Overbye: A Scientist Takes On Gravity In: The New York Times, July 12, 2010. Abgerufen im 6 September 2010 
  9. ↑ The entropy force: a new direction for gravity, New Scientist, 20 January 2010, issue 2744
  10. ↑ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information, Wired Magazine, 20 January 2010
  11. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  12. ↑ Rong-Gen Cai, Li-Ming Cao, Nobuyoshi Ohta: Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force. In: Phys. Rev. D 8101(R) (2010). 81. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, 2010, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501, arxiv:1001.3470, bibcode:2010PhRvD..81f1501C.
  13. ↑ It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy, Johannes Koelman, 2010
  14. ↑ Easson, Frampton, Smoot: Entropic Accelerating Universe. In: Phys.Lett.B696:273-277,2011. 696. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2010, S. 273–277, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025, arxiv:1002.4278, bibcode:2011PhLB..696..273E.
  15. ↑ Yi-Fu Cai, Jie Liu, Hong Li: Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration. In: Phys.Lett.B 690:213-219,2010. 690. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2010, S. 213–219, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033, arxiv:1003.4526, bibcode:2010PhLB..690..213C.
  16. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  17. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  18. ↑ Vorlage:Cite arxiv
  19. ↑ Archil Kobakhidze: Gravity is not an entropic force. In: Phys. Rev. D83: 021502,2011. 83. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 15. Januar 2011, S. 021502(3 pages), doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.83.021502, arxiv:[hep-th arXiv:1009.5414 [hep-th]] arXiv * Ungültig: arXiv:1009.5414 [hep-th], bibcode:2011PhRvD..83b1502K.
  20. ↑ V.V., et al. Nesvizhevsky: Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field. In: Nature. 415. Jahrgang, 17. Januar 2002, S. 297–299, doi:10.1038/415297a, bibcode:2002Natur.415..297N.
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