Arthur Caplan

Arthur L. Caplan, Ph.D. (born 1950), is the Drs. William F. and Virginia Connolly Mitty Professor of Bioethics at New York University's Langone Medical Center. He is the founding director of NYULMC's Division of Medical Ethics. According to Google Scholar, his published books and articles have resulted in an H-index of 47 and an I10-index of 87, since 2009.

Caplan has made many contributions to public policy including: helping to found the National Marrow Donor Program; creating the policy of required request in cadaver organ donation adopted throughout the United States; helping to create the system for distributing organs in the U.S.; and advising on the content of the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, rules governing living organ donation, and legislation and regulation in many other areas of health care including blood safety and compassionate use.

Caplan secured the first apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, from Lewis Sullivan, M.D., then secretary of HHS, in 1991. He worked with William Seidelman, M.D., and others to secure in 2012 an apology from the German Medical Association for the role of German physicians in Nazi prison experiments during the Holocaust.

Early life and education

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1950 to Sidney D. and Natalie Caplan, Arthur Caplan grew up in Framingham, Mass. He has described his family as "Workmen's Circle, Zionist, and secular." He credits his background of Judaism with stimulating his interest in methods of inquiry and argument. At age six, Caplan was diagnosed with polio. He was successfully treated at Children's Hospital in Boston and went on to play sports at Framingham North High School. Caplan has stated that this life-threatening illness was a formative experience that influenced his later commitment to philosophy and bioethics.

Caplan did his undergraduate work at Brandeis University, where he majored in philosophy. There he met his future wife Jane. Their son, Zachary, was born in 1984. Caplan’s second wife, Meg Brennan Caplan, is the director of the Veterans Administration's Hudson Valley Health Care System.

Caplan did his graduate work at Columbia University, receiving an M.A. in 1973, an M.Phil. in 1975, and a Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of science in 1979. His dissertation, Philosophical Issues Concerning the Synthetic Theory of Evolution, was co-supervised by Ernest Nagel and Sidney Morgenbesser. Caplan worked with Nagel as a teaching assistant and was the final graduate student of Nagel's career. During his time at Columbia, Caplan met psychoanalyst and Dean of Education Bernard Schoenberg. Schoenberg allowed him to participate as both an observer and a medical student in clinical rotations in the university's medical college, first experiencing "ethics in action."

Career

In 1977, Caplan met Daniel Callahan, a philosopher who co-founded The Hastings Center (now in Garrison, New York) with psychiatrist Willard Gaylin. In 1977, Caplan joined The Hastings Center, first as a junior research assistant and then as a post-doctoral fellow. He spent the next 10 years at the center, serving as the associate director from 1985 to 1987. During this time he and others shaped the emerging discipline of bioethics. He published extensively on genetics (including the ethics of genetic testing and screening), evolution, sociobiology, and the teaching of ethics. He also became increasingly interested in the ethics of human and animal experimentation and new medical technologies. He began to take on the role of a public intellectual, applying philosophy in public discourse and speaking out on public policy issues.

In 1987, Caplan moved to the University of Minnesota, where he became a professor in the Departments of Philosophy and Surgery and the first director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics. In 1989, he organized the Center for Bioethics Conference on Medical Ethics and the Holocaust, the first conference convened to discuss bioethics and the Holocaust. During his time at Minnesota he was particularly active on issues relating to organ transplantation and genetics, and worked with Rosalie A. Kane on dilemmas of "everyday ethics" involving treatment of the elderly. He also wrote about bioethics in relation to the Holocaust. In 1992, he joined the Medical Advisory Council of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, one of many institutions that sought his involvement.

In May 1994, Caplan went to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. He founded the Center for Bioethics and the Department of Medical Ethics and had professorial appointments in a variety of departments including Medicine and Philosophy. In the mid-1990s, he and colleagues conducted the first empirical studies on organ donor eligibility and donation rates. In 2009, the Sidney D. Caplan Professor of Bioethics was established at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, named for Caplan's father. Arthur Caplan became the first holder of the professorship.

While at Penn, he became the first bioethicist to be sued for his professional role, after his involvement in a gene therapy trial that resulted in the death of research subject Jesse Gelsinger. The suit was subsequently dismissed as without merit.

In 2009, Caplan helped develop the first flu vaccine mandate at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and, later, New York state's policy to require health care workers to "vaccinate or mask." Also in 2009, he called for tightening restrictions on fertility clinics and IVF and has written extensively in favor of embryonic stem cell research.

In 2012, Caplan came to New York University's Langone Medical Center as the Drs. William F. and Virginia Connolly Mitty Professor of Bioethics and the founding director of the Division of Bioethics.

In May 2015, Caplan launched, with pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson, a pilot project for the equitable distribution of experimental drugs outside ongoing clinical trials. He created the Compassionate Use Advisory Committee (CompAC), a panel of bioethicists, physicians, and patient advocates, to respond to appeals from terminally ill patients for a cancer drug in development by J&J. It is believed to be the first of its kind in the pharmaceuticals industry.

Recent activity has included spearheading a movement to relax restrictions on blood donations by gay men and urging postponement of the Rio Summer Olympic Games because of the Zika virus threat.

Caplan has been criticized by some classical philosophers for his "hands-on philosophy" and by some colleagues for his enthusiastic engagement with the media. In response he has said: "To me, the whole point of doing ethics is to change people, to change behavior. Why else do it?"

Academic work

Caplan is the author or editor of more than 35 books and more than 735 papers in peer-reviewed journals of medicine, science, philosophy, bioethics, and health policy.

He is a regular contributor to WebMD's Medscape and a regular commentator on WGBH (FM) radio in Boston and WMNF radio in Tampa. He is a frequent guest and commentator on various other media outlets, discussing public health issues like obesity, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus, and vaccination.

He has been co-director of the Joint Council of Europe/United Nations Study on Trafficking in Organs and Body Parts. He was the co-director of a United Nations/Council of Europe Study on organ trafficking. He has called for a new international convention on criminal organ trafficking. He has spoken out on international issues such as organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China. He instituted a boycott by leading medical journals of papers about transplantation coming from China.

Internationally, he was the chair of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations on Human Cloning and served on the special advisory committee to the International Olympic Committee on genetics and gene therapy.

Caplan has served on a number of national committees, including as chair of the National Cancer Institute Biobanking Ethics Working Group and chair of the Advisory Committee to the Department of Health and Human Services on Blood Safety and Availability. He was a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Illnesses and the special advisory panel to the National Institute of Mental Health on human experimentation on vulnerable subjects. He is an adviser to DARPA on synthetic biology and has addressed the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. He has also served on the ethics committee of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

Caplan has consulted with many corporations, not-for-profit organizations, and consumer organizations. He is on the board of trustees of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. He also sat on the board of the National Center for Policy Research on Women & Families, the Franklin Institute, the Iron Disorders Foundation, and the National Disease Research Interchange. He chaired the advisory committee on bioethics at Glaxo from 2005 to 2008.

Awards and honors

Caplan has been elected as a fellow of The Hastings Center (1990), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1994), the College of Physicians of Philadelphia (1994), the New York Academy of Medicine (1997), and an honorary fellow of the American College of Legal Medicine (2008).

Caplan was named a person of the Year in 2001 by USA Today. In December 2008, Discover magazine named him one of the 10 most influential people in science, for ”translating philosophical debates into understandable ideas” and “democratizing bioethics.” He is one of the 10 most influential people in America in biotechnology, according to the National Journal; one of the 10 most influential people in the ethics of biotechnology, according to Nature Biotechnology; one of the 50 most influential people in American health care, according to Modern Health Care magazine; and one of the 100 most influential people in biotechnology, according to Scientific American magazine.

Caplan holds seven honorary degrees from colleges and medical schools. He received the McGovern Medal of the American Medical Writers Association in 1999, the John P. McGovern Award Lectureship from the Medical Library Association in 2007, and the Patricia Price Browne Prize in Biomedical Ethics in 2011. In 2014 he was given the public service award of the National Science Board/National Science Foundation. In May 2016, he received the Rare Impact Award from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). The American Society for Bioethics & Humanities (ASBH) awarded Caplan its 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award.

Bibliography

• Jason Schwartz, Arthur L. Caplan: Vaccination Ethics and Policy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2017, ISBN 978-0-262-03533-0 (mit.edu). 

• Arthur L. Caplan, Brendan Parent: The Ethics of Sport: Essential Readings. Oxford University Press, New York 2016, ISBN 978-0-19-021099-1 (oup.com). 
• Arthur L. Caplan, James J. McCartney, Daniel P. Reid (Hrsg.): Replacement Parts: The Ethics of Procuring and Replacing Organs in Humans. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. 2015, ISBN 978-1-62616-236-5 (georgetown.edu). 
• , Hila Rimon-Greenspan: Applied Ethics in Mental Health Care: An Interdisciplinary Reader. Hrsg.: Dominic A. Sisti, Arthur L. Caplan. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2013, ISBN 978-0-262-01968-2. 
• Arthur L. Caplan, Robert Arp (Hrsg.): Contemporary Debates in Bioethics. Wiley-Blackwell, [S.l.] 2013, ISBN 978-1-4443-3713-6. 
• Vardit Ravitsky, Autumn Fiester, Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics. Springer Pub., New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-8261-1522-5. 
• Arthur L. Caplan: Smart Mice, Not-So-Smart People: An Interesting and Amusing Guide to Bioethics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Md. 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-4171-9. 
• Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): The Case of Terri Schiavo: Ethics at the End of Life. Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY 2006, ISBN 978-1-59102-398-2. 
• Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): Health, Disease, and Illness: Concepts in Medicine. Georgetown Univ. Press, Washington, D.C. 2004, ISBN 1-58901-014-0. 
• David Magnus, Arthur Caplan, Glenn McGee (Hrsg.): Who Owns Life? Prometheus Books, Amherst, N.Y. 2002, ISBN 1-57392-986-7. 
• Lois Snyder, Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): Assisted Suicide: Finding Common Ground. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington 2002, ISBN 0-253-33977-4. 
• Dianne M. Bartels, Bonnie S. LeRoy, Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): Prescribing Our Future: Ethical Challenges in Genetic Counseling. A. de Gruyter, New York 1993, ISBN 0-202-30452-3. 
• Arthur L. Caplan (Hrsg.): When Medicine Went Mad: Bioethics and the Holocaust. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 1992, ISBN 0-89603-235-3. 

Selected Articles (2011–present)

• Bateman-House, Alison; Moch, Kenneth; Caplan, Arthur; Kearns, Lisa (5 July 2016) Report: "Findings on 'Right to Try' Laws and Pre-Approval/Compassionate/Expanded Access to Investigational Medical Products"
• Arthur Caplan, Amrit Ray: The Ethical Challenges of Compassionate Use. In: JAMA. 315. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 2016, S. 979–980, doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0416, PMID 26868205 (jamanetwork.com). 
• Alison Bateman-House, Laura Kimberly, Barbara Redman, Nancy Dubler, Arthur Caplan: Right-to-Try Laws: Hope, Hype, and Unintended Consequences. In: Annals of Internal Medicine. 163. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 29. September 2015, S. 796, doi:10.7326/M15-0148, PMID 26413841. 
• Arthur L. Caplan: Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine. Hrsg.: T. Schramme, S. Edwards. Springer, Dordrecht 2016, How Can Aging Be Thought of As Anything Other than a Disease?, S. 1–8 (springer.com). 
• Kirk C. Allison, Arthur Caplan, Michael E. Shapiro, Charl Els, Norbert W. Paul, Huige Li: Historical Development and Current Status of Organ Procurement from Death-Row Prisoners in China. In: BMC Medical Ethics. 16. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 3. Dezember 2015, doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0074-0. 
• R Scott Braithwaite, Elizabeth R Stevens, Arthur Caplan: Is Risk Stratification Ever the Same as ‘Profiling’? In: Journal of Medical Ethics. 42. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Mai 2016, S. 325–329, doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103047. 
• Jared M. Pisapia, Casey H. Halpern, Ulf J. Muller, Piergiuseppe Vinai, John A. Wolf, Donald M. Whiting, Thomas A. Wadden, Gordon H. Baltuch, Arthur L. Caplan: Ethical Considerations in Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Addiction and Overeating Associated with Obesity. In: AJOB Neuroscience. 4. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, April 2013, S. 35–46, doi:10.1080/21507740.2013.770420 (tandfonline.com). 
• Juliet R. Guichon, Ian Mitchell, Patricia Buffler, Art Caplan: Citizen Intervention in a Religious Ban on In-School HPV Vaccine Administration in Calgary, Canada. In: Preventive Medicine. 57. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, November 2013, S. 409–413, doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.005, PMID 23769899. 
• Peter P. Reese, Roy D. Bloom, Justine Shults, Arwin Thomasson, Adam Mussell, Sylvia E. Rosas, Kirsten L. Johansen, Peter Abt, Matthew Levine, Arthur Caplan, Harold I. Feldman, Jason Karlawish: Functional Status and Survival After Kidney Transplantation. In: Transplantation Journal. 97. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, Januar 2014, S. 189–195, doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a89338, PMID 24113514, PMC 3946985 (freier Volltext). 
• A. Caplan: Bioethics of Organ Transplantation. In: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 4. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 29. Januar 2014, S. a015685–a015685, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015685, PMID 24478386, PMC 3935394 (freier Volltext). 
• Arthur Caplan: Liberty Has its Responsibilities: Holding Non-Vaccinators Liable for the Harm They Do. In: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, 1. Dezember 2013, S. 2666–2667, doi:10.4161/hv.26252, PMID 24013297, PMC 4162050 (freier Volltext). 
• Beth E. Roxland, Arthur L. Caplan: Should Unclaimed Frozen Embryos be Considered Abandoned Property and Donated to Stem Cell Research? In: Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law. 20. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 2013 (bu.edu [PDF]). 
• William N. Rom, Homer Boushey, Arthur Caplan: Experimental Human Exposure to Air Pollutants Is Essential to Understand Adverse Health Effects. In: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 49. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, November 2013, S. 691–696, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0253PS (atsjournals.org). 
• James H. Stephen, Casey H. Halpern, Cristian J. Barrios, Usha Balmuri, Jared M. Pisapia, John A. Wolf, Kyle M. Kampman, Gordon H. Baltuch, Arthur L. Caplan, Sherman C. Stein: Deep Brain Stimulation Compared with Methadone Maintenance for the Treatment of Heroin Dependence: A Threshold and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. In: Addiction. 107. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, März 2012, S. 624–634, doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03656.x, PMID 21919988. 
• Arthur Caplan: Time to Mandate Influenza Vaccination in Health-Care Workers. In: The Lancet. 378. Jahrgang, Nr. 9788, Juli 2011, S. 310–311, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61156-2 (thelancet.com). 
• Arthur Caplan: The Use of Prisoners as Sources of Organs: An Ethically Dubious Practice. In: The American Journal of Bioethics. 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, Oktober 2011, S. 1–5, doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.607397, PMID 21943258. 
• Peter Reese, Arthur Caplan: Better off Living: The Ethics of the New UNOS Proposal for Allocating Kidneys for Transplantation. In: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 9. Jahrgang, 2011, S. 2310–12 (asnjournals.org). 
• Jason Schwartz, Arthur Caplan: Vaccination Refusal: Ethics, Individual Rights and the Common Good. In: Primary Care Clinics Office Practice. 38. Jahrgang, 2011, S. 717–28, doi:10.1016/j.pop.2011.07.009, PMID 22094142. 
• "Is Industry Money the Root of All Conflicts of Interest Biomedical Research?". Annals of Emergency Medicine 2012; 59:87-8
• Kyle Whyte, Evan Selinger, Arthur Caplan, Jathan Sadowski: Nudge, Nudge or Shove, Shove—The Right Way for Nudges to Increase the Supply of Donated Cadaver Organs. In: American Journal of Bioethics. 12. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2012, S. 32–39, doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.634484 (tandfonline.com). 
• Robert Field, Arthur Caplan: Evidence-Based Decision Making for Vaccines: The Need for an Ethical Foundation. In: Vaccine. 30. Jahrgang, 2012, S. 1003–1007, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.053 (sciencedirect.com).