Benutzer:Thkgk/Lachnocladiaceae
| Lachnocladiaceae | ||||||||||||
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| Wissenschaftlicher Name | ||||||||||||
| Lachnocladiaceae | ||||||||||||
| D.A. Reid |
Die Lachnocladiaceae sind eine Familie innerhalb der Ordnung der Täublingsartigen (Russulales). Die Typusgattung ist Lachnocladium Lév.
Merkmale[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die sessonalen oder ausdauernden Fruchtkörper sind effus oder resupinate oder wachsen aufgerichtet, pileate (hut- oder konsolenförmig), spatelig oder koralloid. Die Oberfläche ist weich strukuriert, mehr oder weniger ledrig, glatt oder filzig. Das Fleisch ist gewöhnlich gelblich oder braun. Die Pilze besitzen ein dimitisches Hyphensystem. Die generativen Hyphen tragen an ihren Septen Schnallen oder sind schnallenlos. Die verzweigte Skeletthyphen färben mit Jodreagenzien braun an. Außerdem kommen in der Regel Zystiden vor, die nur selten inkrustiert sind. Das Hymenium ist glatt, warzig oder gezahnt. Die zylindrischen bis keulenförmigen oder länglichen Basidien sind zwei- oder viersporig. Zwischen den Basidien findet man bei den meisten Gattungen dichotom verzweigte, sterile Hyphen (Dichohyphen), die sich mit Jod braun anfärben lassen. Manchmal findet man auch sternartige Setae. Die hyalinen, meist dünnwandigen Basidiosporen sind ganz unterschiedlich geformt. Sie sind glatt oder ornamentiert und sind manchmal amyloid, färben sich also mit Jodreagenzien blau an.[1]
Verbreitung und Ökologie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Weit verbreitet, sowohl in den Tropen und den gemäßigten Zonen. Auf verfallenden Nadel- oder Laubholz, manchmal auf krautigen Stängeln, vermutlich saprobiotisch.
Systematik[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Die Familie, wie sie derzeit umgrenzt wird, besitzt eine extrem variabele Morphologie. Das verbindende Merkmal sind in erster Linie die verzweigten, dextrinoiden Hyphidien. Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Peniophoraceae (bei denen dextrinoide nicht vorkommen) wahrscheinlich mit den Lachnospiraceae vereint werden sollte. Aber auch die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen der Lachnocladium selbst und ihrer ähnlichen tropischen, koralloiden Verwandten bedürfen einer umfassenderen Untersuchung.[1]
Gattungen[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Wichtige Gattungen sind die Asterostroma, Lachnocladium, Scytinostroma und Vararia.
- Sternsetenpilze (Asterostroma) Massee (1889) 25 Arten
Die Sternsetenpilze scheinen mit der Gattung Asterodon verwandt zu sein. Beide Gattungen besitzen Asterosetae, sie unterscheiden sich aber in der Art ihrer Basidiosporen und der Morphologie ihres Hymenophors. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen haben allerdings gezeigt, das die Sternsetenpilze zur russuloiden Abstammungsgemeinschaft gehören, während Asterodon zum Hymenochaetenast des Basidiomyceten-Stammbaum gehört. Sternsetenpilze sind Vararia, Dichostereum, Scytinostroma und Peniophora. Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass Pilze mit dextrinoiden Hyphidien keine monophyletische Gruppe innerhalb der russuloiden Verwandtschaft bilden (Larsson 2007b).
Type species: Corticium apalum Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 72, 1875. Basidiome resupinate, effused, membranaceous to pellicular, brittle, loosely adnate, hymenophore smooth, cream to ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic with simple-septate generative hyphae and asterosetae. Gloeocystidia present. Basidia utriform, with 4-sterigmata and with a simple basal septum. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth or tuberbulate, amyloid (some species with inamyloid basidiospores, subg. Austroasterostroma Parmasto). (2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:135)
- Asterostromella Höhn. & Litsch., 1907 19 Arten
(Keine Nachweise aus Europa, die meisten aus Brasilien.
- Dichantharellus 2 Arten
Remarks: Unless the structure of the stem is examined-and its different texture from the pileus should be apparent-this genus would appear intermediate between Cantharellus and Gomphus. Actually, it is a cantharelloid fruit-body on a Lachnocladium-stem with inflating hyphae. The hymenium has, also, the character of Lachnocladium, being traversed by gloeocystidia as it thickens. Further, the absence of clamps becomes significant in connexion with these features. Thus, this remarkable fungus, which I found but once in the heart of the Malayan forest, belongs with the clavarioid Lachnocladium in the yellow-brown (xanthochroic) series of Homobasidiomycetes, where it is unique in the soft fleshy consistency of the pileus, caused by the inflating hyphae. The features in common with Lacknocladium are: the lack of clamps, the colourless hyphae, the dichophyses with dichotomous tapering arms, the subtomentose covering of the stem formed by the arms of the dichophyses, the straight (not epinastic) growth of the margin, the gloeocytidia, the clavate basidia, and the straight sterigmata. The features in common with Cantharellus are: the flabelliform pileus with sterile upperside, the rugoso-plicate hymenium, the inflating hyphae, the granular oleaginous spores, and the very long basidia. Peculiar to Dichantharellus are the oleiferous hyphae of limited growth in the flesh, such as occur in Gomphus stereoides.
Description: Dichantharellus gen. nov. Pileus pleuropodalis flabelliformis ascendens ; margine recto, dein recurvo. Hymenium plicis irregulariter dichotomis obtusis ornatum. Contextus mollis, hygrophanus, in stipite floccoso-subcoriaceus. Sporae albae, laeves, non amyloideae, intus granulato-oleaginosae. Basidia clavata, elongata; sterigmatibus 4, rectis. Hymenium incrassatum, gloeocystidiis pervasum; cystidiis nullis. Hyphae monomiticae, sine fibulis, inflatae, tenue tunicatae, baud ordine secundo septatae; in stipite dichophysibus praeditae. Hyphae oleiferae in pileo stipiteque copiosae. Terricolus. Species 1, Malaya.-Figs. 45-49.(Corner, E.J.H. 1966. A monograph of Cantharelloid fungi. :99)
- Dichopleuropus 1 Art
Wu, S.H.; Chou, W.N. 1995. Four Basidiomycotina new to Taiwan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science. 6:139
Remarks: The monotypic genus Dichopleuropus Reid is commonly considered by mycologists as belonging to the Lachnocladiaceae Reid, due to the presence of gloeocystidia, amyloid basidiospores and dextrinoid, dichotomously branched skeletal hyphae. Based on Dichopleuropus and Dichantharellus Corner, Jülich (1981) established a new family Dichantharellaceae Jül. under his new order Lachnocladiales Jül. However, the elongate-clavate basidia and the broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled and guttulate basidiospores of Dichopleuropus, strongly suggest a close affinity with the corticioid genus Gloiothele Bres.
Description: Dichopleuropus spathulatus Reid, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 18:330. 165 (Figs. 1A, 2) Basidiome on ground, up to 5 cm high and wide, coriaceous, pileate, pleuropodal, basally narrowed to stipitate. Several pilei arising from a common stipe and fairly crowded when growing old. Hymenium inferior, continuous, extending to stipe base. Upper surface of pileus ochraceous, irregularly tuberculate under the lens, glabrous, or covered with brownish string-like veins which radiate towards the pileus margin and sometimes project as hairs from the surface; margin paler. Hymenial .surface ochraceous to pale brown, ceraceous, ridged, sometimes cracked. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae simple-septate. Subiculum uniform, composed of a thick basal layer, with compact texture; hyphae parallel, usually glued together, colorless, usually with short cells, 4-8 µm diam, occasionally inflated to ca. 20 µm diam, thin-walled. Dichotomously ramified skeletal hyphae scattered in subiculum, 1.5-3.5 µm diam, dextrinoid, slightly yellowish brown and slightly thick-walled for basal "trunk" parts, colorless, thick-walled and almost solid in the narrow ultimate branches; basal "trunk" parts of the dichotomous skeletals in inner stipe up to 5 µm diam. Subhymenium distinctly thickening, with somewhat loose texture; hyphae ± vertical, colorless, 3-4 µm diam, thin-walled. Gloeocystidia numerous in subiculum and hymenial layer, colorless, tubular, flexuous, sometimes with swollen bases, apically obtuse or rarely acute, up to 200 µm long, 4-10(-15) µm diam, SA+ . Basidia clavate, with elongated bases, 80-110 x 7-8.5 µm, 4-sterigmate. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened, with a distinct apiculus, guttulate, smooth, thin-walled, 7.5-9.5 x 5.5-7 µm, weakly amyloid, acyanophilous. Specimen examined. Taiwan. Taipei: Taipei Botanical Garden, on ground, 15.VII.1993, leg. W.N. Chou, TF 135 (NMNS: F3017). Distribution. Singapore (type locality), USA (Florida) (Welden 1971), Brazil (Welden 1993), Taiwan.
- Gelbfilzlager (Dichostereum Pilát 1926) 13 Arten
Original description: Type species: Asterostromella dura Bourdot & Galzin, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 36: 74, 1920. Enthält stereumartige Pilze, welche im Hymenium neben den Basidien in großer Menge typisch ausgebildete, stark gefärbte Dichophysen entwickeln. Dichophysen mehrmals regulär dichotomisch verzweigt, mehr Hierher gehören zum größten Teil exotische Arten (D. induratum (Bk.), D. albocinctum (Bk. Et Br.), D. duriusculum (Bk. et Br.), und nur eine einzige europäische Art.
Remarks Dichostereum is characterized by the dextrinoid dichohyphae, presence of gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores. It is closely related to Vararia, but mainly separated by the ornamented basidiospores. Phylogenetically both are classified in the Peniophoraceae among the russuloid clade (Larsson & Larsson 2003, Larsson 2007b).
Description: Dichostereum Pilát, Annls mycol.: 223, 1926. Basidiome resupinate, effused, membraceous to crustaceous, hymenophore smooth to grandinioid, usually cream to ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic with clamped generative hyphae and dichohyphae. Gloeocystidia present, SA+ in most species. Basidia narrowly clavate, with 4-sterigmata, and a basal clamp. Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, verrucose, with a strong amyloid reaction. 2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:280
- LachnocladiumLév. (1846), 40 Arten
Lachnocladium (40) Lachnocladium , Dict. univ. Hist. nat.: 487
- Lederrindenpilz (Scytinostroma) 33 Arten
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Remarks: Scytinostroma is morphologically very close to Vararia, differing in the presence of distinct and numerous dichohyphae in Vararia, which gives a looser consistency to the Basidiome, but frequently it is not difficult to find some intermediate forms, as in Vararia maremmana where dichohyphae are not very differentiated and the basidiome presents a tough texture. Several studies (Larsson & Larsson 2003, Larsson et al. 2004, Binder et al. 2005, Larsson 2007b) include Scytinostroma close to other russuloid members in the family Peniophoraceae Lotsy. Phylogenetic data seem to indicate that dextrinoid hyphae do not define a monophyletic group.
Description: Scytinostroma Donk, Fungus, Wageningen 26: 19, 1956. Type species: Corticium portentosum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 2(13): 3, 1873. Basidiome resupinate, effused, adnate, coriaceous, hymenophore smooth to tuberculate, usually cream to ochraceous coloured. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps or simple septa, thin-walled, skeletal hyphae densely branched and sometimes forming dendrohyphae or dichohyphae, narrow and thick-walled, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous. Cystidia (gloeocystidia) present in most species, SA+ or SA?, frequently with apical schizopapillae. Basidia tubular to utriform, with 4-sterigmata, basally clamped or simple-septate. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, smooth, variably amyloid. (2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:585)
- Stelligera 1 Arten
Stelligera R. Heim, Lloydia 11: 134 (1948)
- Stereofomes 4 Arten
Stereofomes Rick, Egatea 13: 435 (1928)
- Vararia 63 Arten
2010. Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s.l. 12:707 Remarks :Vararia is closely related to Dichostereum and mainly separated by the presence of ornamented basidiospores in the latter. It is also similar in some aspects to Scytinostroma, and its generic separation is sometimes a matter of personal opinion because there are several intermediate stages between the two genera. Phylogenetic analyses show that dextrinoid hyphidia do not define a monophyletic group (Larsson 2007b). Actually Vararia, Dichostereum, Scytinostroma and Asterostroma, traditionally included in the Lachnocladiaceae on the common presence of the dextrinoid skeletoid elements, are phylogenetically placed in Peniophoraceae belonging to the Russulales (Larsson & Larsson 2004). The analysis of the little known tropical species, as in most of the corticioid fungi, will surely clarify the phylogenetic relationships.
Description: Vararia P. Karst., Kritisk À–fversigt af Finlands Basidsvampar, Tillägg 3: 32, 1898. Syn.: Asterostromella Höhn. & Litsch., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 773, 1907. Type species: Radulum investiens Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., Ser. 2 4(2): 165, 1832. Basidiome resupinate, effused, adnate, membranaceous, hymenophore smooth, whitish to cream or ochraceous. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae with or without clamps, with more or less differentiate dextrinoid dichohyphae. Cystidia (gloeocystidia) present but variable in number, usually SA+. Basidia utriform, with 4-sterigmata. Basidiospores ellipsoid to subglobose, allantoid to fusoid, smooth (ornamented in some tropical species), amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid.
Bedeutung[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Als Weißfäulepilze sind sie potentiell interessant für den Abbau von Xenobiotika.
Quellen[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Ginns, J. (1998). Genera of the North American Corticiaceae sensu lato. Mycologia 90: 1-35;
Hibbett, D.S.; Donoghue, M.J. (2001) Analysis of character correlations among wood decay mechanisms, mating systems and substrate ranges in Homobasidiomycetes. Syst. Biol. 50: 215-242,
Larsson, E.; Larsson, K.-H. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95: 1037-1065;
Müller, W.H.; Stalpers, J.A.; Aelst, A.C. van; Jong, M.D.M. de; Krift, T.P. van der; Boekhout, T. (2000). The taxonomic position of Asterodon, Asterostroma and Coltricia inferred from the septal pore cap ultrastructure. Mycol. Res. 104: 1485-1492;
Corner, E.J.H. (1947) Asterodon, A clue to the morphology of fungus fruit-bodies: with notes on Asterostroma and Asterostromella. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 31, Pages: 234-245 Url: http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0031/003/0234.htm
Nakasone, K.K.; Micales, J.A. (1988). Scytinostroma galactinum species complex in the United States. Mycologia 80: 546-559 URL=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1988/nakas88a.pdf ??
Wagner, T. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships of Asterodon and Asterostroma (Basidiomycetes), two genera with asterosetae. Mycotaxon 79: 235-246;
- Lachnocladium. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, abgerufen am 19. Februar 2013 (englisch).
- Lachnocladium. Lév., Considér. Mycol.: 108 (1846). In: CABI databases: speciesfungorum.org. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2013.
- P. Cannon & P. Kirk: Fungal Families of the World. CAB International, 2007, S. 180.
Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- ↑ a b Paul F. Cannon, Paul M. Kirk: Fungal families of the world. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2007, ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5, S. 180 (online).
Weblinks[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
[[Kategorie:Russulales]]
[[Kategorie:Täublingsartige]]