„Erdbeben von Istanbul 1766“ – Versionsunterschied
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Version vom 27. Oktober 2019, 13:12 Uhr
The 1766 Istanbul earthquake was a strong earthquake with its epicenter in the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, in the Çınarcık basin (or near the Princes' Islands, north of the basin) [1] which occurred in the early hours of Thursday morning, 22 May 1766.[2] The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.1 on the surface wave magnitude scale, [1] and caused effects in a vast area extending from Izmit to Tekirdağ.[3] In this area, an earthquake was accompanied by a tsunami and significant damage occurred. The earthquake of 1766 was the last major earthquake to rock Istanbul.[3]
Geology
The Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin formed at a releasing bend in the North Anatolian Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault. This local zone of extension occurs where this transform boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Eurasian Plate steps northwards to the west of Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. The pattern of faults within the Sea of Marmara basin is complex but near Istanbul there is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault trends west-east and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.[4]
In the case of 1766 the rupture of the fault happened either under the princes islands [5] or, more probably, under the Çınarcık basin, since a more central break could not have caused the great tsunami that struck Istanbul and the Gulf of Iznik. [6]
Characteristics of the earthquake
The earthquake began half an hour after sunrise, at 5:10 am on May 22nd 1766, which was the third day of the Kurban Bairam.[7] The first shock, accompanied by a loud roar, lasted two minutes:[7] there was therefore a less intense shock lasting four minutes.[7] The main shocks occurred at half-hour intervals: the earthquake was violent and protracted, forcing residents to seek refuge in open parks and squares.[1] It is said that the aftershocks continued for 18 days without causing further damage, however delaying the reconstruction in some areas.[1] A 58 km long fault rupture was estimated from the area and from the intensity of the shock.[1]
The earthquake was felt up to Aydin, Thessaloniki, on Mount Athos, in Bulgaria and along the west coast of the Black Sea.[8] The aftershocks continued for 45 days after the main event, and the population was unable to return home for two months. This earthquake was compared to the catastrophic one in Lisbon, which occurred 11 years earlier.
Damages and victims
The estimate of the significant damage area (greater than the MCS VII grade (Very Strong)) extends from Bursa to Küçükçekmece,[9] but significant damage occurred from Tekirdağ and Gelibolu to the west, Izmit to the east, Edirne to the north .[10][8] The settlements on the Gulf of Mudanya also suffered damage,[6] while Galata and Büyükçekmece were severely damaged. In Constantinople the intensity of the earthquake was estimated between grade VII [11] and VIII-IX;[9] many houses and public buildings collapsed.[8] Furthermore, part of the underground water distribution system was destroyed;[8] the Ayvad dam, on the upper Kağithane, was damaged, and in Istanbul the vault of an underground cistern collapsed.[8] In the city, most of the mosques and churches in Istanbul were damaged, as was the Topkapi palace: the sultan had to live in temporary housing until his home was restored.[12] Among the imperial mosques, the dome of that of Bayezid was damaged,[13] while the minaret and the main dome of the Mosque of Mihrimah collapsed.[14] The Fatih mosque suffered the collapse of the minarets, the main dome and several secondary domes,[15] and 100 students in the Koranic school died; so the complex had to be rebuilt.[12] The mosque of Ayasofya survived instead almost unharmed.[16][17] The Kariye Mosque was also seriously damaged.[18] The castle of Yedikule, [19] Eğrikapı, Edirnekapı and the city walls were also damaged, while there were damages to Galata and Pera and to the Grand Bazaar.[20] In Çatalca and in the surrounding villages all the masonry buildings collapsed.[8] Since the earthquake struck the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, serious damage was also recorded on the southern shore, from Mudanya to Karamürsel,[8] and the tsunami waves made the ports unusable. The highest level of the tsunami was observed in the Bosphorus region;[21] the tsunami was also strong on the shores of Galata and Mudanya, while some small islands in the Marmara Sea were partially submerged.
The number of deaths was estimated at 4,000, of which 850 in Istanbul.[8][8][21] Some members of the Ottoman dynasty are believed to have died in this earthquake.
August earthquake
In August of the same year, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck the Dardanelles region. In this case the damage in Istanbul was slight.[10]
Notes
- ↑ a b c d e N. N. Ambraseys, J. A. Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. In: Geophysical Journal International. 141. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Juni 2000 (englisch, oup.com).
- ↑ N. N. Ambraseys, J. A. Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. In: Geophysical Journal International. 141. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Juni 2000 (englisch, oup.com).
- ↑ a b istanbulun son buyuk depremi. 20. August 2017 (turco).
- ↑ R. Armijo, Meyer B., Navarro S., King G., Narka A.: Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault? In: Terra Nova. 14. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2002, S. 80–86, doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x, bibcode:2002TeNov..14...80A (ipgp.fr [PDF; abgerufen am 6. Februar 2010]).
- ↑ Marco Bohnhoff, Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Fatih Bulut, Eva Stierle, Yehuda Ben-Zion: Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone. In: Tectonophysics. 674. Jahrgang, 2. April 2016, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028 (englisch, sciencedirect.com).
- ↑ a b Helene Hebert, Francois Schindele, Yildiz Altinok, Bedri Alpar, Cem Gazioglu: Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas. In: Marine Geology. 215. Jahrgang, 2005, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.006 (englisch, caltech.edu [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c Erhan Afyouncu: Istanbul's nightmare: A timeline of earthquakes that shook the city. 26. September 2018 (englisch).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i N.N. Ambraseys, C. F. Finkel: Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara sea region. In: Terra nova. 3. Jahrgang (englisch, purdue.edu [PDF; abgerufen am 26. Oktober 2019]).
- ↑ a b Tom Parsons: Recalculated probability of M>=7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. 109. Jahrgang, 22. Mai 2004, doi:10.1029/2003JB002667 (englisch, wiley.com [PDF]).
- ↑ a b Mustapha Meghraoui, M. Ersen Aksoy, H Serdar Akyüz, Matthieu Ferry, Aynur Dikbaş, Erhan Altunel: Paleoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault at Güzelköy (Ganos segment, Turkey): Size and recurrence time of earthquake ruptures west of the Sea of Marmara. In: Paleochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, AGU and the Geochemical Society. 2012, doi:10.1029/2011GC003960 (englisch, archives-ouvertes.fr).
- ↑ Dietrich Lange & aa.: Interseismic strain build-up on the submarine North Anatolian Fault offshore Istanbul. In: Nature Communications. 10. Jahrgang, 2019, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11016-z (englisch, nih.gov).
- ↑ a b Robert Yeats: Earthquake time bombs. Cambridge University Press, 2015, doi:10.1017/CBO9781316048184 (englisch, google.ch).
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977) p. 388
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977) p. 441
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977) p. 407
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977) p. 93
- ↑ Damage to domes, minarets and historical structures.
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977) p. 162
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 341
- ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 346
- ↑ a b Nicolas Pondard, Rolando Armijo, Geoffrey C. P. King, Bertrand Meyer, Frederic Flerit: Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North AnatolianFault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences. In: Geophys. J. Int./year=2007. 171. Jahrgang, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x (englisch, ipgp.fr [PDF]).
References
- Wolfgang Müller-Wiener: Bildlexikon Zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul Bis Zum Beginn D. 17 Jh. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3.