„Parlamentswahlen in Pakistan 1970“ – Versionsunterschied

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Die '''Parlamentswahlen in Pakistan 1970''' fanden am 7. Dezember 1970 statt. Es wurden die Mitglieder der [[Nationalversammlung (Pakistan) |Nationalversammlung]] und der Provinzregierungen gewählt. Die Parlamentswahlen 1970 waren die ersten Wahlen in der [[Geschichte Pakistans]] und die ersten und einzigen vor der [[Ostpakistan|Unabhängigkeit Bangladeschs]].
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Election
| election_name = Pakistani general
election, 1970
| country = Pakistan
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = {{nowrap|[[Indian general election, 1945|1945 (British India)]]}}
| next_election =
| next_year = {{nowrap|[[Bangladeshi general election, 1973|1973 (Bangladesh)]] →}}<br>[[Pakistani general election, 1977|1977 (Pakistan)]]
| seats_for_election = All 300 seats in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| majority_seats=151
| election_date = 7 December 1970
| turnout = 63.0%
<!-- Awami League -->
| image1 = Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman_Announcing_6_Points_At_Lahore.jpg
| image1_size = 150x150px
| leader1 = {{nowrap|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]}}
| leader_since1 = 5 December 1963
| party1 = [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]]
| color1 = 008000
| leaders_seat1 = [[Dhaka|Dacca]]
| popular_vote1 = 12,937,162
| percentage1 = 39.2%
| swing1 =
| last_election1 =
| seats_before1 =
| seats1 = 160
| seat_change1 =
<!-- Pakistan Peoples Party -->
| image2 = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1971.jpg
| image2_size = 150x150px
| leader2 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| leader_since2 = 30 November 1967
| party2 = Pakistan Peoples Party
| leaders_seat2 = [[Constituency NA-204|Larkana]]
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 =
| seats2 = 81
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 = 6,148,923
| percentage2 = 18.6%
| swing2 =
| title = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Subsequent [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = None (post vacant since 1958)
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| after_party = Pakistan Peoples Party
| map = [[File:Pakistan General Election 1970.svg|300px]]
}}{{History of Bangladesh}}


== Hintergrund ==
'''General elections''' were held in [[Pakistan]] on 7 December 1970. They were the first general elections held in Pakistan ([[East Pakistan|East]] and [[West Pakistan]]) and ultimately only general elections held prior to the independence of [[Bangladesh]]. Voting took place in 300 parliamentary constituencies of Pakistan to [[Direct election|elect]] members of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], which was then the only chamber of a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan]]. The elections also saw members of the five Provincial assemblies elected in [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab]], [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly|North West Frontier Province]], [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|Balochistan]] and [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly|East Pakistan]].
Pakistan war bis 1956 ein [[Dominion]] des britischen Königreichs und rief sich, nach Beschlussfassung einer Verfassung, am 23. März 1956 zur weltweit ersten Islamischen Republik aus. Die ersten Wahlen in der [[Geschichte Pakistans]] waren für 1959 vorgesehen. Politische Instabilität führte jedoch dazu, dass Präsident [[Iskander Mirza]] das Kriegsrecht ausrief. Der [[Streitkräfte Pakistans|Armeechef]], [[Ayub Khan]] wurde durch den Präsidenten mit der Regierungsführung beauftragt. Ayub Khan wurde zum Präsidenten und beförderte sich zum
[[Feldmarschall]] und ernannte Muhammad Musa Khan zum neuen Armeechef. Im Februar 1960 ließ Ayub Khan eine Kommission, unter Vorsitz von Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin, einrichten, die eine Verfassung ausarbeiten sollte. Der Bericht der Kommission war die die Grundlage für die zweite Verfassung Pakistans 1962. Die neue Verfassung machte Pakistan zu einer Republik und führte das [[Präsidentielles Regierungssystem]] ein, das das [[Parlamentarisches Regierungssystem]] der Verfassung 1956 ablöste. Die Verfassung 1962 führte außerdem das [[Electoral College]] als Wahlorgan ein. Die Präsidentschaftswahlen wurden 1965 abgehalten, die Ayub Khan gewann. Der Unmut über Ayub Khan wuchs mit den Jahren vor allem in [[Ostpakistan]]. [[Shaikh Mujibur Rahman]] war die treibende Kraft hinter dem Widerstand gegen Ayub Khan. Rahman stellte 1966 ein Sechs-Punkte-Programm in [[Lahore]] vor, das auf die Unabhängigkeit Ostpakistan von Westpakistan abzielte.
Shaikh Mujibur Rahman wurde 1968 der Verschwörung und Volksverhetzung beschuldigt. Rahman wurde für die politische instabile Lage in Pakistan verantwortlich gemacht.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=190}}</ref> Verschwörung konnte ihm nicht nachgewiesen werden.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=193|quote=The Agartala contacts however did not provide solid evidence of a Mujib-India secessionist conspiracy in East Pakistan}}</ref> Es wurde aber bekannt, dass Rahman sich 1962 und 1965, nach dem [[Zweiter Indisch-Pakistanischer Krieg|Zweiten Indisch-Pakistanischen Krieg]], unter Geheimhaltung mit der indischen Regierung getroffen hatte. Dieser Vorfall führte zu Unruhen in Ostpakistan. [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] war unter der Regierung von Ayub Khan Außenminister Pakistans, reichte aber seinen Rücktritt ein. Er gründete 1967 die [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] und ging in die Opposition gegen Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan geriet innenpolitisch zunehmend unter Druck und übergab die Regierungsgewalt an Armeechef [[Yahya Khan]]. Die Regierung von Yahya Khan rief abermals das Kriegsrecht aus und setzte die Verfassung 1962 außer Kraft. Yahya Khan verabschiedete ein Dekret, das die Rahmenbedingungen für die Parlamentswahlen 1970 enthielt. Westpakistan fürchtete die Autonomiebestrebungen von Ostpakistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|first=|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|location=|page=193|pages=|quote=When this duly arrived. the western wing's nightmare scenario materialised: either a constitutional deadlock, or the imposition in the whole of the country of the Bengalis' longstanding commitment to unfettered democracy and provincial autonomy.}}</ref> Eine weitere Funktion des Dekrets war die Sicherstellung einer neuen Verfassung, die nach den Wahlen verabschiedet werden sollte. Die 1954 verabschiede Ein-Provinz-Politik wurde abgeschafft und Pakistan wurde in vier Provinzen aufgeteilt. Yahya Khan ging aber nicht davon aus, dass Rahman die Wahlen 1970 gewinnen werde.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=193|quote=From November 1969 until the announcement of the national election results, he discounted the possibility of an Awami League landslide in East Pakistan.}}</ref>


== Parteien und Kandidaten ==
The elections were a fierce contest between two [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]] parties, the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]]. The Awami League was the sole major party in [[East Pakistan]], while in the four provinces of West Pakistan, the PPP faced severe competition from the conservative factions of [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], the largest of which was [[Muslim League (Qayyum)]], as well as [[Islamism|Islamist]] parties like [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] (JI), [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] (JUP).
Die Parlamentswahlen 1970 werden als die fairsten Wahlen angesehen, da 24 Parteien antragen. Die Wahlen begünstigten das [[Zweiparteiensystem]], denn die Awami League trat gegen die einflussreiche PPP an. Die pakistanische Regierung unterstützte die pro-islamischen Parteien. Die [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] ging von abtrünnigen Absichten der Awami League aus.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=196|quote=The JI itself warned that an Awami League victory would mean the disintegration of Pakistan.}}</ref>


=== Wahlkampf in Ostpakistan ===
The Awami League won a landslide victory by winning an absolute majority of 160 seats in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] and 298 of the 310 seats in the Provincial Assembly of [[East Pakistan]]. The PPP won only 81 seats in the National Assembly, but were the winning party in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]]. The [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[National Awami Party (Wali)|National Awami Party]] emerged victorious in [[Northwest Frontier Province]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
Beide Parteien konnten im jeweiligen Landesteil auf sehr viel Unterstützung zurückgreifen. Die Awami League richtete ihren Wahlkampf nach dem Sechs-Punkte-Programm aus, das in Ostpakistan auf breite Zustimmung stieß. Die Awami League erhielt in Ostpakistan sehr viele Popular Votes. Die Awami League erhielt in beiden Landesteilen die meisten Stimmen und konnte sich die meisten Sitze im Parlament und im Senat sichern. Beide Parteien konnten im jeweiligen anderen Landesteil keine Sitze gewinnen. Dies gab Bhutto den Anlass gegen die Awami League zu spotten.<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|author=Owen Bennett-Jones|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|pages=146–180|year=2003|isbn=978-0-300-10147-8}}</ref> Die Politiker in Westpakistan waren von der Idee nicht begeistert, dass die Awami-League die Regierungsgewalt in beiden Landesteilen übernehmen wird.


=== Wahlkampf in Westpakistan ===
The Assembly was initially not inaugurated as President [[Yahya Khan]] and the PPP did not want a party from East Pakistan in government. This caused great unrest in East Pakistan, which soon escalated into a [[Bangladesh Liberation War|civil war]] that led to the formation of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. The Assembly was eventually opened when President Yahya resigned a few days later and PPP leader [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] took over. Bhutto became [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] in 1973, after the post was recreated by [[Constitution of Pakistan|the new Constitution]].
Die politische Situation in Westpakistan war eine ganz andere. Die pakistanische Bevölkerung war zwischen verschiedenen Parteien gespalten. Die [[Muttahida-Qaumi-Bewegung]] berief sich in ihrem Wahlkampf auf den politischen Islam und wollte die Schariagesetze wiedereinführen. Die Pakistan Muslim League berief sich auf die Vision von [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] und wollte Pakistan nach dessen Vorstellung regieren.
Die einzelnen Parteien kritisierten sich jedoch gegenseitig. Es nahmen insgesamt 1.957 Kandidaten an den Wahlen teil.<ref>[http://historypak.com/elections-of-1970/ Elections of 1970] (englisch)</ref>


==Background==
== Ergebnis ==
Die Awami League unter der Führung von Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gewann 160 Sitze im Parlament. Die PPP um Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto konnte nur 81 Sitze auf sich vereinigen.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p. 686 </ref>
On 23 March 1956, Pakistan changed from being a [[Dominion]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and became an [[Islamic republic]] after framing its own [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution]]. Although the first general elections were scheduled for early 1959, severe political instability led President [[Iskander Mirza]] to abrogate the constitution on 7 October 1958. Mirza imposed [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] and handed power to the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], General [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Muhammad Ayub Khan]]. After assuming presidency, President Ayub Khan promoted himself to the rank of [[Field marshal]] and appointed General [[Muhammad Musa|Muhammad Musa Khan]] as the new Commander-in-Chief.


== Einzelnachweise ==
On 17 February 1960, President Ayub Khan appointed a commission under [[Muhammad Shahabuddin]], the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], to report a political framework for the country. The commission submitted its report on 29 April 1961, and on the basis of this report, a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|new constitution]] was framed on 1 March 1962. The new constitution, declaring the country as Republic of Pakistan, brought about a [[presidential system]] of government, as opposed to the [[parliamentary system]] of government under the 1956 Constitution. The electoral system was made [[Indirect election|indirect]], and the "basic democrats" were declared [[electoral college]] for the purpose of electing members of the National and Provincial Assemblies. Under the new system, [[Pakistani presidential election, 1965|presidential election]] were held on 2 February 1965 which resulted in a victory for Ayub Khan. As years went by, political opposition against President Ayub Khan mounted. In [[East Pakistan]], leader of the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to President Ayub Khan. In 1966, he began the [[Six point movement]] for East Pakistani autonomy.
<references/>


[[Kategorie:Wahl in Pakistan]]
In 1968, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was charged with [[sedition]] after the government of President Ayub Khan accused him for [[Agartala Conspiracy Case|conspiring]] with [[India]] against the stability of Pakistan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=190}}</ref> While a conspiracy between Mujib and India for East Pakistan's secession was not itself conclusively proven,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=193|quote=The Agartala contacts however did not provide solid evidence of a Mujib-India secessionist conspiracy in East Pakistan}}</ref> it is known that Mujib and the Awami League had held secret meetings with Indian government officials in 1962 and after the 1965 war.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=190|quote=It is now clear that Mujib did hold secret discussions with local Indian leaders there in July 1962. Moreover, following the 1965 war there were meetings between Awami League leaders and representatives of the Indian Government at a number of secret locations.}}</ref> This case led to an [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan|uprising]] in East Pakistan which consisted of a series of mass demonstrations and sporadic conflicts between the government forces and protesters.<ref name=":0" /> In [[West Pakistan]], [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], who served as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign minister]] under President Ayub Khan, resigned from his office and founded the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]] in 1967. The left-wing, [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]] political party took up opposition to President Ayub Khan as well.
[[Kategorie:Wahl 1970]]

Ayub Khan succumbed to [[Pressure politics|political pressure]] on 26 March 1969 and handed power to the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, General [[Yahya Khan|Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]]. President Yahya Khan imposed martial law and the 1962 Constitution was abrogated. On 31 March 1970, President Yahya Khan announced a [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|Legal Framework Order (LFO)]] which called for direct elections for a unicameral legislature. Many in the West feared the East wing's demand for countrywide provincial autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|first=|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|location=|page=193|pages=|quote=When this duly arrived. the western wing's nightmare scenario materialised: either a constitutional deadlock, or the imposition in the whole of the country of the Bengalis' longstanding commitment to unfettered democracy and provincial autonomy.}}</ref> The purpose of the LFO was to secure the future Constitution which would be written after the election<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|first=|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|location=|page=193|pages=|quote=Yahya had made some provision to safeguard the constitutional outcome through the promulgation of the Legal Framework Order (LFO) on 30 March 1970. It set a deadline of 120 days for the framing of a constitution by the National Assembly and reserved to the President the right to authenticate it.}}</ref> so that it would include safeguards such as preserving Pakistan's territorial integrity and Islamic ideology.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=194|quote=It would also have to enshrine the following five principles: an Islamic ideology...and internal affairs and the preservation of the territorial integrity of the country}}</ref>

The [[One Unit|integrated province]] of West Pakistan, which was formed on 22 November 1954, was abolished and four provinces were retrieved: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]]. The principles of [[Representation (politics)|representation]] was made on the basis of population, and since East Pakistan had more population than the combined population of the four provinces of West Pakistan, the former got more than half seats in the National Assembly. Yahya Khan ignored reports that Sheikh Mujib planned to disregard the LFO and that India was increasingly interfering in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=194|quote=He also refused to countenance intelligence service reports both of Mujib's aim to tear up the LFO after the elections and establish Bangladesh and of India's growing involvement in the affairs of East Pakistan.}}</ref> Nor did he believe that the Awami League would actually sweep the elections in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=193|quote=From November 1969 until the announcement of the national election results, he discounted the possibility of an Awami League landslide in East Pakistan.}}</ref>

A month before the election, the [[Bhola cyclone]] struck East Pakistan. This was the deadliest [[tropical cyclone]] in world history, killing on the order of 500,000 people. The Pakistan government was severely criticised for its response.

==Parties and candidates==
The general elections of 1970 are considered one of the fairest and cleanest elections in the history of Pakistan, with about twenty-four political parties taking part. The general elections presented a picture of a [[Two-party system]], with the [[Awami League]], a Bengali nationalist party, competing against the extremely influential and widely popular [[Pakistan Peoples Party]], a leftist and [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] party which had been a major power-broker in West Pakistan. The Pakistani government supported the pro-Islamic parties since they were committed to strong federalism.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=196|quote=The regime also increasingly favoured the Islam pasand (Islam loving) parties because of their conservatism and attachment to the idea of a strong central government}}</ref> The Jamaat-e-Islami suspected that the Awami League had secessionist intentions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC|title=Pakistan: A Modern History|author=Ian Talbot|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21606-1|page=196|quote=The JI itself warned that an Awami League victory would mean the disintegration of Pakistan.}}</ref>

===Election campaign in East Pakistan===
<!-- West Pakistan no longer exist before the elections. LFO Order No. 1970 had devolved West Pakistan into Pakistan (its current picture). See West Pakistan page and Legal Framework Order, 1970. -->
The continuous public meetings of the [[Awami League]] in East Pakistan and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] in Western Pakistan attracted huge crowds. The Awami League, a Bengali nationalist party, mobilised support in East Pakistan on the basis of its [[Six point movement|Six-Points Program]] (SPP), which was the main attraction in the party's manifesto. In East Pakistan, a huge majority of the Bengali nation favoured the Awami League, under [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Sheikh Mujib]]. The party received a huge percentage of the popular vote in East Pakistan and emerged as the largest party in the nation as a whole, gaining the [[exclusive mandate]] of Pakistan in terms both of seats and of votes.

The [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] failed to win any seats in [[East Pakistan]]. On the other hand, the Awami League had failed to gather any seats in [[West Pakistan]]. The Awami League's failure to win any seats in the west was used by the leftists and democratic socialists led by Zulfikar Bhutto who argued that Mujib had received "no mandate or support from West Pakistan" (ignoring the fact that he himself did not win any seat in [[East Pakistan]]).<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|author=Owen Bennett-Jones|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|pages=146–180|year=2003|isbn=978-0-300-10147-8}}</ref>

The then leaders of [[Pakistan]], all from [[West Pakistan]] and PPP leaders, strongly opposed the idea of an East Pakistani-led government.<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]"/> Many in Pakistan predicted that the Awami League-controlled government would oversee the passage of a new constitution with a simple majority.<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]"/> Bhutto uttered his infamous phrase "''idhar hum, udhar tum''" (We rule here, you rule there) – thus dividing the Pakistan first time orally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/545869/idhar-hum-udhar-tum-abbas-athar-remembered/|title=Idhar hum, udhar tum: Abbas Athar remembered - The Express Tribune|date=2013-05-08|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-04-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

The same attitudes and emotions were also felt in East Pakistan whereas East-Pakistanis absorbed the feeling and reached to the conclusion that Pakistan had been benefited with economic opportunities, investments, and social growth would swiftly depose any East Pakistanis from obtaining those opportunities.<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]"/>

Some Bengalis sided with the Pakistan Peoples' Party and had voiced no support for the Awami League, supporting tacitly or openly Bhutto and the democratic socialists, such as [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]], an influential Bengali in Pakistan and mentor of Bhutto<ref name="[[Yale University Press]]"/> who was later thrown into jail by Bhutto, and [[Ghulam Azam]] of the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|in East Pakistan]].

Several notable people from [[West Pakistan]] supported handing over power to the Awami league, such as the poet [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]] and rights activist Malik Ghulam Jilani, father of [[Asma Jahangir]] and [[G.M Syed]] the founder of Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM).

===Elections in West Pakistan===
However, the political position in West Pakistan was completely different from East Pakistan. In West Pakistan, the population was divided between different ideological forces. The [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|right-wing]] parties, led under [[Abul Ala Maududi|Abul Maududi]], raised the [[Islam in Pakistan|religious slogans]] and initially campaigned on an [[Political Islam|Islamic platform]], further promising to enforce [[Sharia law]]s in the country. Meanwhile, the founding party of Pakistan and the national conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]], that although was divided into three factions ([[Muslim League (Qayyum)|QML]], [[Convention Muslim League|CML]], [[Council Muslim League|MLC]]), campaigned on a nationalist platform, promising to initiate the Jinnah reforms as originally envisioned by Jinnah and others in the 1940s. The factions however criticised each other for disobeying the rules laid down by the country's founding father.

The dynamic leadership and charismatic personality of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] was highly active and influential in West Pakistan during these days. Bhutto's socialistic ideas and the famous slogan "''[[Roti Kapra Aur Makaan]]''" ("Food, Clothing and Shelter") attracted the poor communities, students, and working class. The democratic [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]], leftist, and [[Marxism|marxist]]-[[Communism in Pakistan|communist]] masses gathered and united into one platform under Bhutto's leadership. Bhutto and the socialist-leftists appealed to the people of the West to participate and vote for the Peoples Party for a better future for their children and family. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, the leftists and democratic socialists, united under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, participated in the elections as one strong power. As compared to the right-wing and conservatives in West Pakistan, Bhutto and his allied leftists and democratic socialists won most of the popular vote, becoming the pre-eminent players in the politics of the West.

===Nominations===
A total of 1,957 candidates filed nomination papers for 300 National Assembly seats. After scrutiny and withdrawals, 1,579 eventually contested the elections. The [[Awami League]] ran 170 candidates, of which 162 were for constituencies in East Pakistan. Jamaat-e-Islami had the second-highest number of candidates with 151. The [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] ran only 120 candidates, of which 103 were from constituencies in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]], and none in East Pakistan. The [[Convention Muslim League|PML (Convention)]] ran 124 candidates, the [[Council Muslim League|PML (Council)]] 119 and the [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|PML (Qayyum)]] 133.

==Voter turnout==
The government claimed a high level of public participation and a voter turnout of almost 63%. The total number of registered voters in the country was 56,941,500 out of which 31,211,220 were from the [[East Pakistan|Eastern Wing]], while 25,730,280 from the [[West Pakistan|Western Wing]].

==Results==

===National Assembly===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
|-
|align=left|[[Awami League]]||12,937,162||39.2||160
|-
|align=left|[[Pakistan Peoples Party]]||6,148,923||18.6||81
|-
|align=left|[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]]||1,989,461||6.0||4
|-
|align=left|[[Council Muslim League]]||1,965,689||6.0||7
|-
|align=left|[[Muslim League (Qayyum)]]||1,473,749||4.5||9
|-
|align=left|[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]||1,315,071||4.0||7
|-
|align=left|[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]]||1,299,858||3.9||7
|-
|align=left|[[Convention Muslim League]]||1,102,815||3.3||2
|-
|align=left|[[National Awami Party (Wali)|National Awami Party (W)]]||801,355||2.4||6
|-
|align=left|[[Pakistan Democratic Party]]||737,958||2.2||1
|-
|align=left|Other parties||387,919||1.2||0
|-
|align=left|Independents||2,322,341||7.0||16
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''33,004,065'''||'''100'''||'''300'''
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Nohlen et al.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p686 {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}</ref>
|}

===Provincial Assemblies===

====East Pakistan====
After all 300 constituencies had been declared, the results were:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! colspan=1 | Seats
! colspan=1 | Seat change
|- style="background:gold"
| align=left | '''[[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League (AL)]]'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#008000;" |
| align=center | 288
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Pakistan Democratic Party|Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#3cb371;" |
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[National Awami Party (Wali)|National Awami Party (W) (NAP-W)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff0000;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami (JI)]]

| style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;" |
| align=center | 1
| {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | Others
|
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Independent politician|Independent]]<nowiki/>s
|
|7
|{{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center; transparent;" |
| align=center | '''300'''
| align=center {{n/a}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:96.0%;" |
| style="width:14.3%;" |
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ↓
| width=0.8% |
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#008000;" | '''288'''
| style="background:gray;" | '''12'''
|-
| <span style="color:#008000;">'''AL'''</span>
| <span style="color:gray;">'''Other'''</span>
|}

====Punjab====
After all 180 constituencies had been declared, the results were:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! colspan=1 | Seats
! colspan=1 | Seat change
|- style="background:gold"
| align=left | [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 113
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Convention Muslim League|Convention Muslim League (CML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 15
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Muslim League (Qayyum) (QML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 6
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Council Muslim League]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 6
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan|Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#008000;" |
| align=center | 4
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Pakistan Democratic Party|Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#3cb371;" |
| align=center | 4
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami (JI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | Others
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 28
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center; transparent;" |
| align=center | '''180'''
| align=center {{n/a}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:62.7%;" |
| style="width:8.3%;" |
| style="width:2.3%;" |
| style="width:26.7%;" |
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ↓
| width=0.8% |
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#000000;" | '''113'''
| style="background:#00ffff;" | '''15'''
| style="background:#00ffff;" | '''6'''
| style="background:gray;" | '''46'''
|-
| <span style="color:#000000;">'''PPP'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00ffff;">'''CML'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00ffff;">'''QML'''</span>
| <span style="color:gray;">'''Other'''</span>
|}

====Sindh====
After all 60 constituencies had been declared, the results were:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! colspan=1 | Seats
! colspan=1 | Seat change
|- style="background:gold"
| align=left | [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 28
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan|Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#008000;" |
| align=center | 7
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Muslim League (Qayyum) (QML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 5
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Convention Muslim League|Convention Muslim League (CML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 4
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami (JI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | Others
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 14
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center; transparent;" |
| align=center | '''60'''
| align=center {{n/a}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:46.7%;" |
| style="width:11.7%;" |
| style="width:8.3%;" |
| style="width:33.3%;" |
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ↓
| width=0.8% |
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#000000;" | '''28'''
| style="background:#008000;" | '''7'''
| style="background:#00ffff;" | '''5'''
| style="background:gray;" | '''12'''
|-
| <span style="color:#000000;">'''PPP'''</span>
| <span style="color:#008000;">'''JUP'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00ffff;">'''QML'''</span>
| <span style="color:gray;">'''Other'''</span>
|}

====North-West Frontier Province====
After all 40 constituencies had been declared, the results were:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! colspan=1 | Seats
! colspan=1 | Seat change
|- style="background:gold"
| align=left | [[National Awami Party (Wali)|National Awami Party (W) (NAP-W)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff0000;" |
| align=center | 13
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Muslim League (Qayyum) (QML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 10
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 4
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 3
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Council Muslim League]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Convention Muslim League|Convention Muslim League (CML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami (JI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;" |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | Others
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 0
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 6
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center; transparent;" |
| align=center | '''40'''
| align=center {{n/a}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:32.5%;" |
| style="width:25.0%;" |
| style="width:10.0%;" |
| style="width:32.5&;" |
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ↓
| width=0.8% |
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#ff0000;" | '''13'''
| style="background:#00ffff;" | '''10'''
| style="background:#00bfff;" | '''4'''
| style="background:gray;" | '''13'''
|-
| <span style="color:#ff0000;">'''NAP-W'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00ffff;">'''QML'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00bfff;">'''JI'''</span>
| <span style="color:gray;">'''Other'''</span>
|}

====Balochistan====
After all 20 constituencies had been declared, the results were:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! colspan=1 | Seats
! colspan=1 | Seat change
|- style="background:gold"
| align=left | [[National Awami Party (Wali)|National Awami Party (W) (NAP-W)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ff0000;" |
| align=center | 8
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Muslim League (Qayyum) (QML)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#00ffff;" |
| align=center | 3
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=left | [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI)]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#000000;" |
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | Others
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| style="text-align:center; grey;" |
| align=center | 5
| align=center | {{Nochange}}
|-
| align=center | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center; transparent;" |
| align=center | '''20'''
| align=center {{n/a}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:40.0%;" |
| style="width:15.0%;" |
| style="width:10.0%;" |
| style="width:35.0%;" |
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ↓
| width=0.8% |
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#ff0000;" | '''8'''
| style="background:#00ffff;" | '''3'''
| style="background:#00bfff;" | '''2'''
| style="background:gray;" | '''7'''
|-
| <span style="color:#ff0000;">'''NAP-W'''</span>
| <span style="color:#00ffff;">'''QML'''</span>
| <span style="color:#000000;">'''JUI'''</span>
| <span style="color:gray;">'''Other'''</span>
|}

==Aftermath==
The elected Assembly initially did not meet as President Yahya Khan and the Pakistan Peoples Party did not want the majority party from East Pakistan forming government. This caused great unrest in East Pakistan which soon escalated into the call for independence on March 26, 1971 and ultimately led to [[Bangladesh War of Independence|war of independence]] with [[East Pakistan]] becoming the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. The Assembly session was eventually held when Khan resigned four days after Pakistan surrendered in Bangladesh and [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] took over. Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1973, after the post was recreated by the new Constitution.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistani elections}}
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}

[[Category:1970 elections in Asia]]
[[Category:1970 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:General elections in Pakistan|1970]]

Version vom 1. Dezember 2018, 11:43 Uhr

Die Parlamentswahlen in Pakistan 1970 fanden am 7. Dezember 1970 statt. Es wurden die Mitglieder der Nationalversammlung und der Provinzregierungen gewählt. Die Parlamentswahlen 1970 waren die ersten Wahlen in der Geschichte Pakistans und die ersten und einzigen vor der Unabhängigkeit Bangladeschs.

Hintergrund

Pakistan war bis 1956 ein Dominion des britischen Königreichs und rief sich, nach Beschlussfassung einer Verfassung, am 23. März 1956 zur weltweit ersten Islamischen Republik aus. Die ersten Wahlen in der Geschichte Pakistans waren für 1959 vorgesehen. Politische Instabilität führte jedoch dazu, dass Präsident Iskander Mirza das Kriegsrecht ausrief. Der Armeechef, Ayub Khan wurde durch den Präsidenten mit der Regierungsführung beauftragt. Ayub Khan wurde zum Präsidenten und beförderte sich zum Feldmarschall und ernannte Muhammad Musa Khan zum neuen Armeechef. Im Februar 1960 ließ Ayub Khan eine Kommission, unter Vorsitz von Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin, einrichten, die eine Verfassung ausarbeiten sollte. Der Bericht der Kommission war die die Grundlage für die zweite Verfassung Pakistans 1962. Die neue Verfassung machte Pakistan zu einer Republik und führte das Präsidentielles Regierungssystem ein, das das Parlamentarisches Regierungssystem der Verfassung 1956 ablöste. Die Verfassung 1962 führte außerdem das Electoral College als Wahlorgan ein. Die Präsidentschaftswahlen wurden 1965 abgehalten, die Ayub Khan gewann. Der Unmut über Ayub Khan wuchs mit den Jahren vor allem in Ostpakistan. Shaikh Mujibur Rahman war die treibende Kraft hinter dem Widerstand gegen Ayub Khan. Rahman stellte 1966 ein Sechs-Punkte-Programm in Lahore vor, das auf die Unabhängigkeit Ostpakistan von Westpakistan abzielte. Shaikh Mujibur Rahman wurde 1968 der Verschwörung und Volksverhetzung beschuldigt. Rahman wurde für die politische instabile Lage in Pakistan verantwortlich gemacht.[1] Verschwörung konnte ihm nicht nachgewiesen werden.[2] Es wurde aber bekannt, dass Rahman sich 1962 und 1965, nach dem Zweiten Indisch-Pakistanischen Krieg, unter Geheimhaltung mit der indischen Regierung getroffen hatte. Dieser Vorfall führte zu Unruhen in Ostpakistan. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto war unter der Regierung von Ayub Khan Außenminister Pakistans, reichte aber seinen Rücktritt ein. Er gründete 1967 die Pakistan Peoples Party und ging in die Opposition gegen Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan geriet innenpolitisch zunehmend unter Druck und übergab die Regierungsgewalt an Armeechef Yahya Khan. Die Regierung von Yahya Khan rief abermals das Kriegsrecht aus und setzte die Verfassung 1962 außer Kraft. Yahya Khan verabschiedete ein Dekret, das die Rahmenbedingungen für die Parlamentswahlen 1970 enthielt. Westpakistan fürchtete die Autonomiebestrebungen von Ostpakistan.[3] Eine weitere Funktion des Dekrets war die Sicherstellung einer neuen Verfassung, die nach den Wahlen verabschiedet werden sollte. Die 1954 verabschiede Ein-Provinz-Politik wurde abgeschafft und Pakistan wurde in vier Provinzen aufgeteilt. Yahya Khan ging aber nicht davon aus, dass Rahman die Wahlen 1970 gewinnen werde.[4]

Parteien und Kandidaten

Die Parlamentswahlen 1970 werden als die fairsten Wahlen angesehen, da 24 Parteien antragen. Die Wahlen begünstigten das Zweiparteiensystem, denn die Awami League trat gegen die einflussreiche PPP an. Die pakistanische Regierung unterstützte die pro-islamischen Parteien. Die Jamaat-e-Islami ging von abtrünnigen Absichten der Awami League aus.[5]

Wahlkampf in Ostpakistan

Beide Parteien konnten im jeweiligen Landesteil auf sehr viel Unterstützung zurückgreifen. Die Awami League richtete ihren Wahlkampf nach dem Sechs-Punkte-Programm aus, das in Ostpakistan auf breite Zustimmung stieß. Die Awami League erhielt in Ostpakistan sehr viele Popular Votes. Die Awami League erhielt in beiden Landesteilen die meisten Stimmen und konnte sich die meisten Sitze im Parlament und im Senat sichern. Beide Parteien konnten im jeweiligen anderen Landesteil keine Sitze gewinnen. Dies gab Bhutto den Anlass gegen die Awami League zu spotten.[6] Die Politiker in Westpakistan waren von der Idee nicht begeistert, dass die Awami-League die Regierungsgewalt in beiden Landesteilen übernehmen wird.

Wahlkampf in Westpakistan

Die politische Situation in Westpakistan war eine ganz andere. Die pakistanische Bevölkerung war zwischen verschiedenen Parteien gespalten. Die Muttahida-Qaumi-Bewegung berief sich in ihrem Wahlkampf auf den politischen Islam und wollte die Schariagesetze wiedereinführen. Die Pakistan Muslim League berief sich auf die Vision von Muhammad Ali Jinnah und wollte Pakistan nach dessen Vorstellung regieren. Die einzelnen Parteien kritisierten sich jedoch gegenseitig. Es nahmen insgesamt 1.957 Kandidaten an den Wahlen teil.[7]

Ergebnis

Die Awami League unter der Führung von Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gewann 160 Sitze im Parlament. Die PPP um Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto konnte nur 81 Sitze auf sich vereinigen.[8]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Ian Talbot: Pakistan: A Modern History. St. Martin's Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1, S. 190 (google.com).
  2. ↑ Ian Talbot: Pakistan: A Modern History. St. Martin's Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1, S. 193 (google.com): „The Agartala contacts however did not provide solid evidence of a Mujib-India secessionist conspiracy in East Pakistan“
  3. ↑ Ian Talbot: Pakistan: A Modern History. St. Martin's Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1, S. 193 (google.com): „When this duly arrived. the western wing's nightmare scenario materialised: either a constitutional deadlock, or the imposition in the whole of the country of the Bengalis' longstanding commitment to unfettered democracy and provincial autonomy.“
  4. ↑ Ian Talbot: Pakistan: A Modern History. St. Martin's Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1, S. 193 (google.com): „From November 1969 until the announcement of the national election results, he discounted the possibility of an Awami League landslide in East Pakistan.“
  5. ↑ Ian Talbot: Pakistan: A Modern History. St. Martin's Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-312-21606-1, S. 196 (google.com): „The JI itself warned that an Awami League victory would mean the disintegration of Pakistan.“
  6. ↑ Owen Bennett-Jones: Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8, S. 146–180.
  7. ↑ Elections of 1970 (englisch)
  8. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 686
Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlamentswahlen_in_Pakistan_1970&oldid=183284539“