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United Way is an international network of over 1,800 local nonprofit fundraising affiliates.[1][2] Membership to United Way and use of the United Way brand is overseen by the United Way Worldwide umbrella organization.

United Way has been the largest non-profit organization in the United States by donations from the public, prior to 2016.[3]

Structure and function[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Structure[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Each local United Way is autonomously run as an independently incorporated 501(c)(3) organization.[4] Each affiliate is led by local staff and volunteers and have their own board of directors, independent of United Way Worldwide or a parent organization.[1] Some United Way affiliates, like the Central Community Chest of Japan, choose not to use the United Way name and branding.[5]

The structure has been described as similar to a "global franchise operation" by Forbes.[6] Local United Ways pay membership dues to United Way Worldwide for licensing rights to the United Way brand and must meet criteria to maintain their membership status (including independent review boards, audits, and restrictions on marketing tactics).[7][6] The membership dues to United Way Worldwide are a portion of the total funds raised by each local United Way.[8] U.S. affiliates pay a membership fee of 1% of their total funds raised to United Way Worldwide.[6] United Way Worldwide also provides national marketing campaigns and partnerships, like the National Football League in the United States.[1]

Internally, United Ways are classified by how much funds they raise on a scale of 10 levels. Metro 1 is the highest-ranking which requires raising at least $9 million annually.[9]

Fundraising[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

United Way of Canada's 2008 Campaign Kick-Off Breakfast event where the annual campaign goal of $31 million CAD is announced
Local United Way's fundraising goal

United Ways are federated fundraising bodies that mobilize a single fundraising campaign to raise money for a diverse range of nonprofits.[10][11]

United Ways raise funds primarily via company-sanctioned workplace campaigns, where the employer solicits contributions to their employees that can be paid through automatic payroll deductions (in the same way tax withholdings and insurance premiums are deducted from an employee's net pay).[12][13] 57% of United Way's donations come through payroll deductions while an additional 20% from corporate donations.[6]

United Ways also administers many of the annual workplace campaigns for federal employees in the US called the Combined Federal Campaign.[14]

Nonprofits agencies that partner with United Way usually agree not to fundraise while the United Way campaigns are underway.[15]

Distributing funds[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Money raised by local United Ways is distributed to local nonprofit agencies after an administrative cost is deducted.[4] In 2002, the average administrative fee was 12.7%.[16] Where United Way distributes the funds depends on if the donor-restricted their donation to a specific organization or cause.

Undesignated donations[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

If the donor does not earmark a specific cause or organization for their donation, the money goes into a general fund and are allocated to areas of greatest need by the local United Way's volunteer committee.[17]

Traditionally, United Ways would grant funds that can be used for any purpose by the recipient nonprofit. However, many United Ways have started giving funds to nonprofits only to be used for specific programs run by the nonprofit (e.g. a workforce training program at the local chapter of St Vincent de Paul). These funds are provided in the form of contracts in which the nonprofit must deliver programs and are subject to review and audit by the United Way's volunteer committee.[18]

Major recipients have included the American Cancer Society, Big Brothers/Big Sisters, Catholic Charities, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, and The Salvation Army.[19]

Designated donations (donor-choice)[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Almost all United Ways allow donors to specify (designate) which nonprofits should receive their funds.[6][20] Some United Ways let donors choose which focus area or social problems (like helping kids or the elderly) they wish to support, which allocates their gift to a relevant subset of their charities in its network. Some United Ways allow donors to direct their gifts to any nonprofit (either inside or outside United Way's preferred charity list) while some only let donors give to any charity in their region or anywhere in the country.[20] About a quarter of United Way donations in the US are currently designated.[6]

History[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Omaha Community Chest in 1938

Origins in the Community Chest movement[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The organization has roots in Denver, Colorado, where in 1887 Frances Wisebart Jacobs, along with other religious leaders, began the Charity Organization Society, which coordinated services between Jewish and Christian charities and fundraising for 22 agencies.[21] Many Community Chest organizations, which were founded in the first half of the twentieth century to jointly collect and allocate money, joined the American Association for Community Organizations in 1918.

An appeal published by the Federation for Community Service in Toronto, Canada (a predecessor of United Way of Canada). It provides a breakdown of how donations are divided among member agencies.

The first Community Chest was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio,[22] after the example of the Jewish Federation in Cleveland—which served as an exemplary model for "federated giving". The number of Community Chest organizations increased from 39 to 353 between 1919 and 1929 and surpassed 1,000 by 1948. In 1948, Walter C. Laidlaw merged the Community Chest and other Detroit charities to form the United Foundation.[23] Walter Laidlaw's work with the United Foundation became the model for united funds nationally and eventually the United Way organization.

The end of the excess profit taxes weakened the incentives for corporate gifts after World War II. Community chest leaders looked to employees in workplace (and not their bosses) as an opportunity to make up for the expected loss. In 1956, workplace giving from employees accounted for 39.6% of the revenue of United Funds and community chests. This was the first time that workplace giving exceeded corporate gifts (38%).[24]

Formation of the United Way[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Men hanging a campaign poster for the United Way in 1966

By 1963, and after several name changes, the term United Way was adopted, but not everyone chose to use it. After Walter C. Laidlaw fell ill, William Aramony became CEO of the national governing body known as the United Community Funds and Council of America (UCFCA) and in 1970 the organization was renamed United Way of America (UWA). It moved from New York City to Alexandria, Virginia in 1971.[25]

By 1974, there were enough United Way organizations internationally to demand the kind of support provided by the national organization, United Way of America and United Way International was born, Its staff spoke eight languages, with a Board of Directors from more than seven countries, working with member organizations. Amundsen, Chief Administrative Officer, served as interim president during a yearlong search.

United Way after Aramony[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Recovering from the scandal[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

IBM vice president Kenneth W. Dam was named interim CEO after Aramony's departure in 1992.[26]

In the aftermath of the William Aramony scandal, local United Ways boycotted United Way of America by refusing to make their dues payments to the umbrella organization. Representatives from 13 of the US's largest local United Ways told the interim President Kenneth Dam that they would like to see United Way of America half its current size. Of the 1,400 local United Ways, only 532 were paying some or all of their dues in 1992. To account for the lost revenue at United Way of America, employees were offered two months of added severance pay (in addition to the standard severance pay based on years of service) if they chose to resign, employees who stayed were offered up to four weeks off of furlough time, and all salary increases were halted.[27][28]

Elaine Chao was selected selected as president after Dam and stayed on until 1996.[29] Betty Stanley Beene took over in 1997 and stayed until 2001.[30] Brian Gallagher, former head of United Way in Columbus, Ohio, accepted the job in 2002 and as president and CEO.[31]

Allowing donor-choice[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

United Way officially embraced a policy of donor designation in 1982, allowing donors to select which nonprofit organizations would receive their gift.[24] However, United Ways resisted donation designations and the roll out of the new policy was described as a "glacial pace" in a 2000 piece in Fortune.[15][32] Despite the slow rollout of donor-choice policies, dollars going to designations continued to grow over time. In 1990, only 14% of gifts went to outside charities. In 1999, United Way Worldwide estimated that nearly $1 out of every $5 when to outside charities.[20]

Allowing donor-choice caused donations to United Ways' general funds to decline.[20] "Sometimes I think we kid ourselves into thinking that by creating more choice we raise more money. That's just not proven out," Gallagher said of donor-choice in 2002, "I think we somewhat dilute our giving if we're dividing our giving among thousands of agencies."[33] In one case, the growth of amount of donor-choice contributed to the near-bankruptcy of United Way of Santa Clara County as the organization continued allocated the same amount year after year as their general fund pool shunk.[20]

Kevin Ronnie of the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy said of United Way's predicament to allow designations, “If they want to be the workplace campaign [...] they have to offer choice because that’s what people want. But, gosh darn it, if you offer choice, people will do it, and that comes at the expense of what the United Way also wants to be -- the community caretaker.” Some United Way has focused efforts on marketing the benefits of their undesignated funds in to attempt to persuade donors away from donor designations.[20]

To combat the image of the declining funds in United Ways' control, United Way counted designated funds as dollars raised by United Way, even though the money could not be allocated by United Way.[34] The practice written about in Eleanor Brilliant 1990 book on United Way: “…whether or not the money passed through the United Way allocations process seemed to be less important than making the largest nationwide counting of monies raised in the campaign. Undoubtedly, initially corporations were not concerned about this reporting system (and) had been making every effort to keep up both the reality and the façade of increased philanthropic dollars.”[34] These accounting practices would gain attention in 2002.[16]

Competing with alternative funds[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Private workplaces began to open access to non-United Way workplace campaigns in the mid-1990s, with the trend growing throughout the next decade. Four federations (America’s Charities, Community Health Charities, EarthShare, and Global Impact) formed the Charities@Work coalition promoted expanding access to workplace campaigns.[35] These United Way alternatives (called “alternative funds") challenged the central thesis of the United Way model - that one umbrella organization can serve both the donors' interests and community's needs.[36] Instead, many alternative funds focused on a narrower set of issues that resonate strongly with donors, including championing controversial issues that might not appeal to United Way's predominantly male, white, corporate membership.[36]

Some United Ways fought against the additions to alternative funds out of fear that nonprofits will suffer when faced with competition and that the multiple donation appeals would cause confusion.[36] United Way of Los Angeles President Leo Cornelius said of alternative funds for a 1989 Los Angeles Times article, “There should be one campaign at the workplace, for the donor’s sake. Otherwise, it’s like watching four or five or 15 TV screens at one time.” In one case, a delegation from the Bay Area United Way phoned the chairman of the Safeway supermarket chain to lobby against the addition alternative funds in their workplace campaigns in 1988.[36] Apple Inc. was the first Fortune 500 company to allow a federation other than United Way into its workplace.[24] The trend of alternative funds continues to today with only 25 percent of the companies conducting a traditional United Way–only campaign (according to a 2009 survey by the Consulting Network).[35]

United Ways has lost market share over time due to the competitive philanthropic environment. In 1988, there were 450,000 nonprofits in US and United Way share's of US charitable contributions was 3.16%. By 1999, there were 715,000 nonprofits, and the United Way's share decreased to only 1.98% of donations.[32]

The Heart of Missouri United Way office

United Way in the 21st century[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

New community Impact model[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

In the 2000, United Way of America announced a strategic shift in its focus away from simply being a fundraiser. United Way of America began promoting the Agenda for Community Impact model for local affiliates to adopt. Under the new model, United Ways would select local issues, focus fundraising efforts on those issues, and then make grants to nonprofits to carry out work addresses those issues. Instead of funding United Way’s traditional base of nonprofit agencies, the focus shifted to funding high priority causes.[35] For example: a United Way might focus on reducing infant mortality in the community and provide funds to the local branch of the YWCA to provide education to parents about Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID).

As a nonprofit leader described it, "In the past if you got money [from United Way], unless you screwed up, you were pretty much assured that you were going to get that money.”[37] The Community Impact suggested that funds were not longer a guarantee and that grants were competitive and performance-based driven by a nonprofit's ability to achieve outcomes related to United Way goals.[37]

Research by United Way of America showed that the approach was helping raise more funds. As a 2008 article in the the Chronicle of Philanthropy stated, "In the five years since the organization announced it would focus on solving specific problems, the sums donated to 172 United Ways that adopted the so-called community-impact approach were 20 percent higher on average than giving to other United Ways. And among those using the community-impact approach, unrestricted donations are 26 percent higher than at other United Ways."[38]

Recent developments[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

By the 2000s, United Way has faced competition for control of the workplace campaign from technology companies offering customized platforms for employee giving and volunteering. In 2000, Charitableway raised $43 million in venture capital and ran campaigns for Hewlett-Packard and Morgan Stanley.[24]

In the early 2000s, United Way developed an online system called United eWay to bring the traditional pen-and-paper pledge cards online.[24] The software prototype was developed by a consortium of 50 United Ways with technical assistance from Microsoft.[39] The product was run as a United Way of America subsidiary. The product was purchased by CreateHope Inc. and spun off as a separate for-profit company TRUiST, Inc. (derivation of the word “altruist").[40]

In May 2009, United Way of America and United Way International were integrated as one global entity, United Way Worldwide.[41]

In 2016, the Fidelity Charitable Gift Fund overtook United Way's top position on the list of the United States' largest charities.[42]

Charitableway folded with the bursting of the dot-com bubble.[24] However, other competitors like Benevity would fare better.[24][43] Benevity was founded in 2008 and in the intervening years has become the workplace campaign provider of Apple, Microsoft, PayPal, T-Mobile, TripAdvisor, Charles Schwab, and Nike.[44] Benevity processed $649 million in donations in the 2018 fiscal year.[44]

On the topic, Gallagher said “Fundamentally our biggest ‘competition’ is not other nonprofits [...] It’s for-profit technology companies and startups who are building the software and technology for companies.”[43] A 2020 report from Realized Worth’s RW Institute found that there were 51 employee-giving technology platforms.[24][45] To better compete with technology companies, Salesforce and United Way Worldwide launched Philanthropy Cloud, a workplace donation platform, in 2018.[46]

Cross-United Way partnerships and common initiatives[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

United Way branding at the 2007 NFL Thanksgiving Day game between Detroit and Green Bay.

While each local United Way has its own programs and initiatives, there are some national and international initiatives that are formed between United Ways or by the United Way Worldwide body.

  • NFL partnership: The ongoing partnership with the National Football League began in 1973 when the NFL and United Way of America came together to discuss the possibility of using the NFL's network contract airtime to promote United Way during game telecasts. NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle recognized the partnership as a viable means of communicating the good works of United Ways while putting faces on a league of players hidden by helmets.Vorlage:Citation needed
  • Philanthropy Cloud: a workplace donation platform created in partnership with Salesforce. As of January 2020, over 200 companies, including 25 local United Ways, were using the service.[43]
  • Since 1946, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and United Way Worldwide have enjoyed a cooperative relationshipVorlage:Citation needed
  • Tocqueville Society: many United Ways have Tocqueville Societies (named after Alexis De Tocqueville) for donors giving more than $10,000 each year.[47]

Controversies[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

In United Way's history, it has been the subject of several controversies in its history.

  • In 1986, The United Way of Cleveland, Ohio, held an event called Balloonfest '86, setting a world record by releasing 1.5 million balloons. Unfortunately, the event had disastrous consequences, wreaking havoc at Burke Lakefront Airport and Lake Erie, causing injury to animals and contributing to two fishermen's deaths.[48]
  • In 1992, William Aramony, CEO of the national organization for over 20 years, retired amid allegations of fraud and financial mismanagement, of which he was subsequently convicted. He was sentenced to 7 years in prison and fined $300,000.[49][50]
  • In the wake of the Enron scandal, United Ways in 2002 faced questions on their accounting practices and discrepancies between different United Ways. In some cases, United Ways were double counting donations made across United Way territories which inflating their impact. These practices made their expense ratio seem lower by artificially inflating reported contributions.[16]
  • In 2004, Oral Suer, the CEO of United Way of the National Capital Area in Washington, D.C., was convicted of misuse of donations. He pleaded guilty to theft of almost $500,000 and was sentenced to 27 months in prison.[51][52][53] Norman O. Taylor, Suer's replacement, was never charged with misconduct but was forced to resign.[51]
  • In 2006, Ralph Dickerson Jr., the former CEO of United Way of New York City, was found to have used $227,000 in United Way funds for personal expenses during 2002 and 2003. He later agreed to reimburse the organization.[51]
  • After the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the United Way of Western Connecticut was criticized by some victims' family members for a lack of transparency in fundraising. According to those critical of the agency, the money was raised in a way that implied it would be used for the families, but then much of it re-purposed for broader community needs. As the organization focuses on community long term work, the United Way stated that majority was intended to go to non-exclusive, community support programs like counseling, after school or job-support programs; however, this angered those who felt the money should go directly to the families of those affected.[54]
  • in 2021, United Way Worldwide CEO Brian Gallagher resigned over claims that the international umbrella organization mishandled complaints of sexual harassment and discrimination.[55]

Criticisms[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Donation coercion in the workplace[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

While United Way's workplace fundraising campaigns may help encourage higher donation levels among co-workers, it may also lead to employees feeling pressure to take part. Some employees may feel coerced to donate to United Way by their co-workers or management soliciting contributions in their workplace. [56]

United Way lists guidelines on its national website to prevent coercion, including having non-managers lead the solicitation and discouraging setting campaigns with 100 percent participation goals.[56]

Role as an intermediary in the donation process[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Some have labeled United Way as a "middle man" by raising funds and then passing them onto nonprofit agencies.[57][58] In 2007, Brian Gallagher said that critics who still see United Way that way have not followed more recent developments of the organization: “Six years ago we were much more focused – or split – on fund-raising. [...] Instead of the model being ‘one campaign for all; give us the money and we’ll decide where it goes’, we moved to a model where we identified issues, strategies and products, and segmented our markets so we knew what women and young people, and corporations and foundations, cared about." Addressing the middle man label directly he said that “nobody wants anything or one in the middle of a transaction that doesn’t add value. [...] Folks use the term middle man as a negative. It is not a negative if it adds value." [59]

Monopolistic practices[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

United Way has been criticized for its dominance over workplace giving and for making exclusionary funding decisions. In 1978, the National Commission on Neighborhoods release a report prepared by the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy which found that United Way used "both fair and foul" practices to "monopolize solicitation of employees at the workplace." The report claimed that United Way is "an exclusionary group, designed to keep out most neighborhood groups and smaller charities." The report called for a repeal of the organization's policies "which insist on a monopoly of workplace solicitation." [60]

United Way of America senior vice president Robert Beggan responded to the allegations saying, "We neither control payroll deductions, nor do we exclude other organizations from seeking payroll deductions." Addressing the exclusionary allocations claim he said, "we allocate money [to member charities] on need not on emotion. [...] There's a finite amount of money available and an infinite amount of need, and we have to be careful."[60] By the mid-1970s, just 13 nonprofits (including the YMCA, the Red Cross, the Boy Scouts and the Girl Scouts, and the Salvation Army) accounted for more than 57% of all United Way allocations.[24]

To limit competing with fundraisers from disease-related nonprofit organizations, some United Ways have signed contractual agreements with nonprofits guaranteeing them with a level of funding if they incorporate their fundraising efforts under United Way's campaign.[61]

By design, United Way aims to provide support for large, local human service organizations through a process of consensus decision making. The result inevitably favors funding of moderate and traditional agencies over civil rights and controversial causes.[61] Planned Parenthood, The Boy Scouts of America, counseling services for gay youth, and, initially, programs for people with HIV/AIDS have been excluded to avoid turning off potential donors.[62][63] Some charities that had been excluded from United Way funding have set up "alternative funds" federations to compete with United Way’s workplace campaigns. Health agencies in several cities combined to form “Combined Health Appeals" in the 1950s and the national “Black United Fund” was first started in Los Angeles after the 1968 Watts riots.[24]

See also[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Further reading[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

  • Brilliant, Eleanor L. (1990). The United Way: dilemmas of organized charity. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05622-2. OCLC 21407280.
  • Barman, Emily (2006). Contesting communities: the transformation of workplace charity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-4294-5691-3. OCLC 123083846.
  • John R. Seeley (1957). Community Chest: a case study in philanthropy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-8333-0. OCLC 572717221.
  • Aft, Richard N. (2004). Grassroots initiatives: Shape an international movement: United Ways since 1876. Mary Lu Aft. [United States]: Philanthropic Leadership. ISBN 0-9676382-1-6. OCLC 57613515.

References[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Vorlage:Reflist

External links[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]


Category:1887 establishments in the United States America Category:Organizations established in 1887

  1. ↑ a b c Kravis Leadership Institute: Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations. John Wiley & Sons, 2004, ISBN 978-0-7879-6830-4 (englisch, google.com).
  2. ↑ Ron Lieber: United Way Searches for Its Place in a World of One-Click Giving (Published 2016) In: The New York Times, 23. Dezember 2016. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  3. ↑ A philanthropic boom: "donor-advised funds", March 23, 2017. Abgerufen im June 9, 2019 
  4. ↑ a b Joseph Chan: Confucian Perfectionism: A Political Philosophy for Modern Times. Princeton University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-691-16816-6, S. 188 (englisch, google.com).
  5. ↑ Special to Pensacola News Journal: Pensacola State College receives $40K in donations to go toward scholarships | Causes. In: Pensacola News Journal. Abgerufen am 23. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Abram Brown: Forbes Picks 5 All-Star Charities: Top Rankings For Efficient Groups. In: Forbes. Abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  7. ↑ NOTEBOOK: We were curious, so we asked. In: Business Record. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  8. ↑ Fundraising Sags at United Way; Layoffs Planned. In: Philanthropy News Digest (PND). Candid, abgerufen am 20. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  9. ↑ GARY CHILDS: Heart of Illinois United Way raises more than $9 million. In: Journal Star. Abgerufen am 25. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  10. ↑ Federated Funds for US Nonprofits: What Are They and Who's Eligible? In: MissionBox. Abgerufen am 23. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  11. ↑ David Austin: Human Services Management: Organizational Leadership in Social Work Practice. Columbia University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-231-52842-9, S. 295 (englisch, google.com).
  12. ↑ Ron Lieber: United Way Searches for Its Place in a World of One-Click Giving (Published 2016) In: The New York Times, 23. Dezember 2016. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  13. ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine
  14. ↑ Timothy Sandoval: Overhead Consumes Increasing Share of CFC Dollars. In: www.philanthropy.com. 17. Mai 2018, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
  15. ↑ a b John H. Cushman Jr: Charity Leader's Success Was Also His Undoing (Published 1992) In: The New York Times, 28. Februar 1992. Abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  16. ↑ a b c Stephanie Strom: Questions Arise On Accounting At United Way (Published 2002) In: The New York Times, 19. November 2002. Abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  17. ↑ Michael E. Hattersley, Linda McJannet: Management Communication: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-288356-5, S. 294 (englisch, google.com).
  18. ↑ David Austin: Human Services Management: Organizational Leadership in Social Work Practice. Columbia University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-231-52842-9, S. 71, 299 (englisch, google.com).
  19. ↑ "United Way Worldwide" Hoovers Business Intelligence, company profiles
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Debra Blum: Moving Away From Donor Designation. In: www.philanthropy.com. 7. Oktober 1999, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
  21. ↑ history page on the United Way Web site. In: liveunited.org. Archiviert vom Original am 29. April 2008;.
  22. ↑ Ohiolink, Biography of Whiting Williams (accessed August 29, 2013). See also Whiting Williams article.
  23. ↑ https://reuther.wayne.edu/files/UR001289_WCL.pdf
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Benjamin Soskis: The Past, Present, and Future of Workplace Giving in the United States. In: Urban Institute. Juli 2019 (urban.org [PDF]).
  25. ↑ History of United Way of America – FundingUniverse.
  26. ↑ IBM VICE PRESIDENT TAKES REINS AS UNITED WAY'S INTERIM CHIEF. In: Greensboro News and Record. Abgerufen am 1. März 2021 (englisch).
  27. ↑ Charles E. Shepard: UNITED WAY URGES STAFF TO QUIT OR TAKE LEAVE WITHOUT PAY In: Washington Post, 3. Juni 1992. Abgerufen am 1. März 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  28. ↑ Felicity Barringer: United Way Will Reduce Staff, Its President Says (Published 1992) In: The New York Times, 3. Juni 1992. Abgerufen am 1. März 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  29. ↑ Holly Hall: Elaine Chao Leaves United Way. In: www.philanthropy.com. 30. Mai 1996, abgerufen am 1. März 2021.
  30. ↑ David Cay Johnston: United Way Faces Crisis As President Plans to Leave, September 19, 2000, S. A00019 
  31. ↑ Brian Gallagher | United Way Worldwide. In: www.unitedway.org. Abgerufen am 9. Juni 2019.
  32. ↑ a b Nicholas Varchaver, Irene Gashurov: Can Anyone Fix The United Way? The Fortune 500's favorite charitable organization needs a managerial face-lift. It recently bounced the woman who tried to do just that. In: Fortune. 27. November 2000, abgerufen am 1. März 2021.
  33. ↑ Steve Twedt: The rise in donations earmarked for specific charities troubles United Way. In: Post-Gazette. 27. Oktober 2002, abgerufen am 2. März 2021.
  34. ↑ a b Bruce R. Levens: In Search of Relevance: Observations on United Way Fund Distribution. In: The Philanthropist. 1. Januar 2006, abgerufen am 25. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  35. ↑ a b c Aaron Lester: The Changing Face of Workplace Giving. In: Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly. 21. September 2010, abgerufen am 27. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  36. ↑ a b c d Judy Pasternak: COLUMN ONE : Charities Go to War in Workplace : Alternative funds arise to challenge the philanthropic powerhouse United Way. Their growth has been explosive. In: Los Angeles Times. 29. November 1989, abgerufen am 27. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  37. ↑ a b Laurie E. Paarlberg, Stephen S. Meinhold: Using Institutional Theory to Explore Local Variations in United Way’s Community Impact Model. In: Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 41. Jahrgang, Nr. 5, Oktober 2012, ISSN 0899-7640, S. 826–849, doi:10.1177/0899764011418123 (englisch, sagepub.com).
  38. ↑ Elizabeth Schwinn: United Way Hopes to Attract New Donors as It Alters the Fund-Raising Landscape. In: www.philanthropy.com. 21. August 2008, abgerufen am 27. Februar 2021.
  39. ↑ Paul Ivice: Group finds a new way to raise funds. In: www.bizjournals.com. 18. November 2002, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
  40. ↑ Tierney Plumb: CreateHope Inc. buys United Way unit. In: www.bizjournals.com. 16. Juli 2008, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
  41. ↑ "United Way Worldwide" Hoovers Business Intelligence, company profiles
  42. ↑ Ana Swanson: America’s biggest charity is no longer what most people think of as a charity In: The Washington Post, October 27, 2016 
  43. ↑ a b c Eden Stiffman: Workplace Giving at a Crossroads. In: www.philanthropy.com. 7. Januar 2020, abgerufen am 25. Februar 2021.
  44. ↑ a b Ashlea Ebeling: More Power With Your Pay: A Millennial-Friendly Charity Platform Is Transforming Corporate Giving. In: Forbes. Abgerufen am 25. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  45. ↑ Emir Okyayli: What’s the best technology to engage your employees in corporate citizenship? In: Realized Worth. 20. November 2019, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  46. ↑ Salesforce.org and United Way announce Philanthropy Cloud to match corporations with nonprofits. In: VentureBeat. 27. Februar 2018, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  47. ↑ Leyla Boulton: Tocqueville’s lessons for Macron battle to change French attitudes to wealth. In: www.ft.com. 1. März 2019, abgerufen am 2. März 2021 (britisches Englisch).
  48. ↑ John Kroll: Balloonfest 1986, the spectacle that became a debacle: Cleveland Remembers (video) In: The Plain Dealer, August 15, 2011. Abgerufen im June 9, 2019 
  49. ↑ Old Battles and New Challenges In: Non-Profit Times, The Free Library, April 1, 2002. Abgerufen im June 9, 2019 
  50. ↑ Sam Fulwood III: Former Head of United Way Is Convicted In: Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1995 
  51. ↑ a b c Strom, Stephanie: United Way Says Ex-Leader Took Assets In: The New York Times, April 14, 2006 
  52. ↑ Ian Wilhelm; Brad Wolverton: D.C. United Way Leader Sentenced to Jail Time by Brad Wolverton. In: Chronicle of Philanthropy. 18. März 2004, abgerufen am 9. Juni 2019.
  53. ↑ Stephanie Strom: Ethics ripped through the United Way of the National Capital Area In: The New York Times, Charity Navigator, November 19, 2002 
  54. ↑ Williamson, Elizabeth: A Lesson of Sandy Hook: ‘Err on the Side of the Victims’ In: The New York Times, May 25, 2019. Abgerufen im June 9, 2019 
  55. ↑ United Way Worldwide CEO Gallagher resigns amid turmoil. In: AP NEWS. 9. Februar 2021, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
  56. ↑ a b Ron Lieber: United Way Searches for Its Place in a World of One-Click Giving (Published 2016) In: The New York Times, 23. Dezember 2016. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  57. ↑ Bob Collins: Do we still need the United Way? In: Minnesota Public Radio. 27. März 2018, abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  58. ↑ Does the world still need United Way? In: Crain's Chicago Business. 6. April 2018, abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  59. ↑ Lauren Foster: More than a ‘middle man’. In: www.ft.com. 10. Dezember 2007, abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021.
  60. ↑ a b Warren Brown: United Way Criticized as 'Monopoly' In: Washington Post, 14. Dezember 1978. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021 (amerikanisches Englisch). 
  61. ↑ a b Kirsten A. Gronbjerg: The United Way: Dilemmas of Organized Charity . Eleanor L. Brilliant. In: Social Service Review. 66. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1992, ISSN 0037-7961, S. 318–321, doi:10.1086/603919 (englisch, uchicago.edu).
  62. ↑ David Austin: Human Services Management: Organizational Leadership in Social Work Practice. Columbia University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-231-52842-9, S. 299 (englisch, google.com).
  63. ↑ Grant Williams: Divided in Support of Scouts. In: www.philanthropy.com. 19. April 2001, abgerufen am 24. Februar 2021.
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