Benutzer:Shi Annan/Dongyin, Lienchiang
| 東引鄉 Dongyin Xiang | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| Koordinaten | 26° 22′ N, 120° 30′ O | ||
| Basisdaten | |||
| Staat | Taiwan | ||
| Distrikt | Matsu-Inseln | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | TW-LIE | ||
 Houao auf der Insel Xiyin
| |||
Dongyin[1] (auch: Tungyin[2], chinesisch 東引 鄉, Pinyin Dōngyǐn Xiāng, W.-G. Tung1-yin3 Hsiang1; Foochow Romanized: Dĕ̤ng-īng-hiŏng) ist eine „rural township“ (鄉 xiang) im Landkreis Lienchiang Xian der Matsu-Inseln, Fukien Province (Fujian), Republik China (Taiwan). Die Inseln liegen im Ostchinesischen Meer vor der Küste der Provinz Fujian der Volksrepublik China und nahe an den Gebieten von Fuzhou (Foochow) und Ningde. Die Verwaltungseinheit ist bekannt für die Schönheit ihrer Natur und die Min Dong-Kultur, für den historischen Leuchtturm Dongyong Lighthouse (Dōngyǒng Dēngtǎ) und für ihre militärische Bedeutung und Geschichte als das nördlichste Territorium der Republik China (Taiwan).
Name[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin Township[1] is named after Dongyin Island (Tungyin Island), the main island of the township. The Wade-Giles derived English language names for Dongyin derived from the name 東引 are Tungyin and Tung-yin.
Dongyin Island (Tungyin[2][3] Island) (chinesisch 東引島, Tongyong Pinyin Dongyǐn Dǎo, W.-G. Tung1-yin3 Tao3; Foochow Romanized: Dĕ̤ng-īng-dō̤) was originally called Tungyung Island[4][5][6][7] / Tung Yung[8] / Tung-yung[9] (Dongyong[10]) (chinesisch 東湧[6][11], W.-G. Tung1-yung3).
The second largest island is Xiyin[1] (Siyin Island, Hsiyin[3]) (chinesisch 西引島, Tongyong Pinyin Siyǐn Dǎo, W.-G. Hsi1-yin3 Tao3).
In between the two main islands is the small Zhongzhu Island[1] (chinesisch 中柱島, Pinyin Zhōngzhù Dǎo). The three islands have been linked by a causeway since 1986.[12] Beigu Reef is north of Xiyin Island and Shuangzijiao is south of Dongyin Island. Dongsha Dao[13] (Tung Sha,[14] Tung-sha Tao, Alligator Island;[15] chinesisch 東沙島, W.-G. Tung1-sha1 Tao3) is located approximately Vorlage:Convert southwest of Dongyin Island.[16]
Geschichte[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
In 1579/80, wokou pirates attacked Dongyin (Tung-yung).[9][17]
Qing-Dynastie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
1843, there was a large village and fishing establishment on the western side of Dongyin (Tung Yung).[8]
On the morning of April 24, 1901, the Peninsular and Oriental Line steamship SS Sobraon (蘇布倫號) ran ashore in heavy fog and was stranded at Dongyin Island (Tungyung Island). The ship was later abandoned and sunk.[18][19][17][20]
1902, it was decided to build a lighthouse on Dongyin Island (Tungyung Island), financed by the British government.[17][21]
The Dongyong Lighthouse was built in 1904.[10] The lighthouse began operating on 18. Mai 1904.[17]
Republic of China[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The lighthouse was repaired in 1913.[22]
_p19_PLATE_2._FUKIEN_(14803676033).jpg)
1916, due to sudden shifts in wind, two hundred fishing ships were damaged. A few people were killed and injured.[22]
1931, the roofs of all the buildings were blown off in extreme winds.[22]
On the night of 11. November 1931, HMS Petersfield ran ashore on the northern side of Dongyin (Tungyung) with Admiral Howard Kelly, Commander-in-Chief, China aboard.[5][23]
From 1939 to 1950, opium poppy planting and the manufacture and sale of opium was an economic mainstay for the islanders.[22]
In the wake of the surrender of Japan in Autumn 1945, representatives of Siapu County, Changlo County and Lienchiang County visited Dongyin (Tungyung) and contested control of the islands between their counties. The provincial government determined that Dongyin (Tungyung) was part of Lienchiang County.[22]
Am 19. Februar 1955, Nationalist planes mistakenly bombed the island, causing the death of an elderly woman and some property damage.[24][25]
Am 16. Juli 1956, the township was assigned to Lienchiang County.[24]
1958, the lighthouse temporarily stopped operation due to military concerns.[26]
„The Nationalist-held islands off the Chinese mainland are nominally a part of Fukien Province, but are presently under military administration.“ 1962.
Am 7. Mai 1963, President Chiang Kai-shek visited the township.[27]
On the morning of 1. Mai 1965, the Battle of Dong-Yin occurred in the waters north of the township.[27][28]
Am 13. April und 22. August 1979 and May 2, July 18, and September 29, 1980, President Chiang Ching-kuo visited the township.[29]
Construction of the Dongyong Reservoir (東湧水庫) began in 1982 and was completed in 1985.
Am 21. Mai 1985, an attempt by Chinese Communist forces to collect information about Dongyin (Tungyin) by using the hijacked Taiwanese boat Hungchi No 1 (宏志一號) was stopped.[30][31]
On September 19, 1988 and August 10, 1990, President Lee Teng-hui visited the township.[31]
1989, the lighthouse resumed operation.[26]
Am 9. August 2005 and 5. Februar 2008, President Chen Shui-bian visited the township.[32][33]
On September 16, 2010, President Ma Ying-jeou visited the township.[32]
On Juni 24, 2014, the wreckage of the SS Sobraon was found.[2][20][21]
Geographie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin Township is an archipelago in the East China Sea off the PRC-administered Loyuan Bay (羅源灣; Lò̤-nguòng-uăng) and is approximately 185.2 km|nmi from Keelung on Taiwan, with a total area of 4.4 km². The east coast of Shi Wei Mountain (世尾山) on Dongyin is the easternmost of the Matsu Islands (26。 23’ 08’’N, 120。 30’ 08’’ E), while the north coast of Beigu Reef[34] (北固礁) on Xiyin (Siyin) is the northernmost of the Matsu Islands. Dongyin itself is the northernmost point of the territory of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The islands are the key transportation hub between Mawei and Shanghai, and are of strategic importance in the Taiwan Strait area.
The deepest point in the waters around the Matsu Islands is off the coast of Dongyin. After passing Liang Island (also referred as Wave Islet), ships riding from Nangan encounter stronger waves, which explains why Dongyin was originally called Tungyung (Dongyong). The waters around Dongyin host large schools of fish, and coral reefs, which makes Dongyin one of the best domestic fishing spots and the most densely populated conservation area for Larus crassirostris (黑尾鷗).
The township was originally part of the Loyüan County before the ROC government evacuated to Taiwan in 1949 following the Chinese civil war. It is claimed by the People's Republic of China government as part of the Luoyuan County of its Fuzhou prefecture.
I did see some sources saying that Dongyin became the ROC's Loyüan County, but I didn't see any clear evidence that Loyüan County ever administered the islands in the pre-1949 period.
The geological formation of Dongyin is closely related to Mainland China, where the granite bedrock was formed by Yanshan Movement (燕山運動) dated to 100 – 200 million years ago. Thanks to its resistance to weathering, granite bedrock is seen above ground widespread in Dongyin. Although massive granite is tough, lacking internal structures, granite of poor primary permeability is easily eroded by sea water, rain, and gales, resulting in various and magnificent coastal sights.
The coastal line of Dongyin is maternally related to that in Fujian, drowned valleys (谷灣式海岸) of Submergent Coastlines (沈水海岸). Caps and embayments, typical coastline traits, are prevalent. Caps feature cliff erosion, including sea caves, marine arches, sea stacks, sea trenches, and abrasion platforms, while sea caves are dominant. The less prevailing sedimentary landforms are mainly seen in the inlets and are characteristic of pebble beaches.
Distinctive geological features[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
On account of the geological distinctiveness of Dongyin, in “Natural Landscapes and Resources Survey in the Matsu Islands” (馬祖地區地景資源調查), conducted in 2000 by National Taiwan University Professor Ging-Chan Lin, twelve out of eighteen sights on the island were rated A. Among the 5 evaluation criteria, vividness, diversity, and scarcity best manifest the peculiarity of the island.
Seeing as its various and geological formations, six features of Dongyin are introduced as below.
Rocky coastlines[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The bedrock of Dongyin comprises mainly gray granite, characteristic of primitiveness and assorted texture. As a consequence, odd and jagged rocks are on display.
Most of the hills on Dongyin are covered with grass, with granite underneath. The surrounding granite cliffs are connected with sea, waves, rocks, soil, grass, and sky, creating a wide range of colors, including navy blue, white, maize, and jade. Along the sea coast of Dongyin, the serial changes of colors can be taken in at a single glance.
Suicide Cliff[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
This is a towering abrasion cliff, about 100 meters deep. Looking over the cliff, one is easily shocked by the impact of elevation differences. The expanding and steep terrain originated from sea gulfs is the consequence of poor primary permeability of granite and continuous erosion caused by seawater.
It is said that a woman abducted by robbers at the end of Qing Dynasty didn’t surrender. She escaped to this spot and jumped off into the sea. This place is subsequently named after her. Nowadays, at Suicide Cliff, bamboo handrails and observatory are set up, followed with revitalization of old walls on which 'Righteous Virtue High up Sky, Patriotism Echo through Eternity' are inscribed to commemorate her deeds.[35]
Rat Sands Stone Forest[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Rat Sands Stone Forest (老鼠沙) is located in the coral reefs in the south of Erchong (二重), named for its resemblance to a rat. Legend has it that the Lins in Ban Ciao became wealthy because of the good Feng Shui of their main living room facing Rat Sands.
The variations of cliff erosions on Dongyin are breathtaking, raging from natural arches, sea gulfs, sea caves, sea stacks. Among those coastal landforms. Rat Sands Stone Forest stone forest is the most famous. For a good lookout at Rat Sands, Dongyong Lighthouse and Taibai Echo Cliff (太白天聲) are good spots. For excellent camera shots, the east of the top observatory of Yanxiu Tidal Echo (Yansiou Echoing with Tidal Cave) (燕秀潮音) is the best bet.
Dragon Sea Cave[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dragon Sea Cave (海現龍闕) is situated in the south of Beiao (北澳), and at the east coastline of Wind Tiger Cape (風虎角). A meters-long sea chasm and a sea arch formed on the seafront after years of erosion by strong wind and waves. Retreat of a sea cliff exposes basalt bedrock. When the sea is at peace, divisional planes and grains of basalt rock are observed. With wind and waves picking up, or during the fog season (March - May), the image of the sea arch flickers in the waves and fog, like a dragon playing in the water. Therefore, Dragon Sea Cave is nicknamed “Marine Dragon Play at Sea”. The sleek and agile dragon is the long-eroded sea arch.[36][37]
Dongao[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Due to the scarcity of extensive tidal flats and sandy beaches in Dongyin, the pebble beach in Dongao (東澳) is one of few ports that give access to the sea. The stairs connected to the port used to be very steep, but after renovation, they are now well established with handrails. Tourists can stay under the shade of huge stones away from blistering sun. The pebbles at the port are suitable for resting and dabbling.
Because of the constant erosion by waves, the coastal landforms demonstrate various bizarre stones. All over Dongao are sea arches, sea gulfs, cliffs, and wave-cut platforms, and so on. Over the cliff, right under your nose is the marvelous scenery, with bright blue sea in the backdrop.[38]
Luohanping[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Luohanping (Lohan Flat) (羅漢坪) is coral reefs located in the northwest of Xiyin (Siyin). 'Lohan Flat Stupid' (羅漢坪笨), as called by the inhabitants, is renamed Lohan Flat after the Army stationed there. 'Ping ban'(坪笨) refers to a flat stone in Fuzhou dialect, characteristic of the wave-cut platforms coexisting with sea gulfs and sea stacks. Viewed from at sea towards the coral reefs, the high sea stacks and stumps are almost lifelike 'eighteen arhats'(十八羅漢) standing in a line, which explains how 'Arhat Stump' (羅漢柱) gets its name.
The location of the Northernmost Frontier (國之北疆) is at East Cape (東方岬角) at Lohan Flat. Standing on the observatory, overlooking the west side, you'll be amazed with the grandiose sight of Three-colored Stone (三色石).
Government and politics[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Administrative divisions[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin Township is made up of two rural villages:[39][40][41][42]
- Lehua Village (chinesisch 樂華村, Pinyin Lèhuá Cūn; Foochow Romanized: Ngŏk-huà-chŏng|reason=from Wiktionary}}) (name derived from '老鴉角')
- Zhongliu / Jhongliou Village (chinesisch 中柳村, Tongyong Pinyin Jhongliǒu Cun) (name derived from '中流角')
Military[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Due to its military significance, Dongyin has been an active and heavily stationed base. As of early 2001, up to 50 Tien Chi (Sky Spear) missiles were deployed at two sites: Tungyin Island, and an unidentified second location. The Tungyin Island missiles are said to be housed in silos and protected by batteries of Tien Kung-2 SAMs.[43] The number of soldiers, the major consumers, is several times as many as the residents.
Demographics[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The inhabitants are genetically related to Changle, Fujian. Till today, Fuzhou accent and Ningde (閩東) customs are still well maintained. Among the last names of the one thousand inhabitants, the majority are Lin, Chen, and Liu.[44]
Economy[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
After years of dependence on large quantities of fish as food, the fish resources have been depleted. The main source of income is from shop and store businesses. Public service sectors include one Town Hall, one police station, and one health center. In recent years, developing tourism has become a goal for the local administration and inhabitants to achieve.
Energy[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The electricity for the township is supplied by the Dongyin Power Plant.
Education[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The township has one elementary school and one junior high school. Therefore, most of the islanders move out from the township to pursue any education at the senior high school level or higher.
Transportation[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin can be reached by ferry from Nangan or Keelung in Taiwan arriving at Zhongzhu Harbor.[45]
Local transportation around Dongyin are taxis and scooters since the area doesn't have public buses. Dongyin can be explored by foot due to its relatively flat terrain.[46]
Destinations[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyong Lighthouse[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Planning for Dongyong Lighthouse began in 1902 (the 27th year of Qing dynasty Guangxu Emperor Era (清光緒)). In 1988, Ministry of the Interior rated it as third-class protected historical site. Towering up the sheer and precipitous cliffs, the grand white lighthouse and the blue sea are intertwined. Due to its European architecture style, Dongyong Lighthouse is also called Dongyin Villa (東引別墅). Under the lighthouse are two fog cannons, and now a newly added foghorn, a replacement for fog cannons, which all aid navigation during fog season.[47][48]
Suicide Cliff[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Suicide Cliff[1] is made up of cliff erosion and sea gulfs, sitting about a hundred metres above main sea level. Downwards from the observatory, slapping waves in the deep valley are thrilling and soul-stirring.
It is said that in Qing Dynasty a fisherman’s wife was kidnapped by mobsters to this island. Resisting, she escaped to this cliff, jumped off, and died. To commemorate her chastity, this cliff is named Suicide Cliff.
A Thread of Sky[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Situated in the west cape of Heaven King Port (天王澳) in Dongyin, is a cliff erosion. Along two sides of the meandering combat trenches are bristly banners. Setting foot at the observatory after a short walk, just to see the whole sea and sky are squeezed into the perpendicular gap between the rocks. Waves rush into the narrow chasm, taking away rock little by little, creating a marvel of nature. Four inscribed words on the cliff wall, 'Sky Cleft Hark Waves' was given by General Ming-Tang Lai.[49]
Andong Tunnel[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Next to the command post is Andong Tunnel, a massive construction project with uncanny workmanship. Inside the tunnels are fully equipped with bedrooms, an ammunition depot, Zhongshan room (中山室), bathrooms and even a pigsty. Along the walls outside of the eight outlets of the tunnels is a gathering spot for Larus crassirostris (黑尾鷗), which breed every spring and summer.[50]
Mountain Facing Guanyin[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
At the foot of the east hill of Mt. Enai (恩愛山) and the west of Shaoziao (小紫澳), the straight up huge stone is named Mountain Facing Guanyin (朝山觀音. From at sea, the stone looks like a cross-legged Guanyin, but it looks like a standing Guanyin facing the mountain, when seen from the mountains.
It is documented in Dongyin chronicles that when the cloud-flying Putuo (普陀) Guanyin was hunting a goblin, it trailed to the island. Seeing the goblin run into the chasm and become trapped, Guanyin cast a spell and took the surrendered goblin back to the South China Sea. The statue is here for later generations to pay respect and ponder.
Dongyin Distillery[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin Distillery (東引酒廠) was founded in 1961 and has been the most important business on the island. Dongyin Distillery is on the same latitude, 26 N, as another three famous Chinese distilleries, Mao Tai, Luzhou Tequ Liquor (瀘州老窖) and Wuliangye Liquor (五糧液). The indispensable conditions to produce fine liquor are optimal humidity and temperature, microorganisms for fermentation, and spring water rich in maifanite (麥飯石) granite. Dongyin Distillery claims that 'Dongyong Liquor Outperforms Mao Tai'. (東湧陳高勝賽茅台)[51]
Yanxiu Tidal Echo[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Yanxiu Tidal Echo (Yansiou Echoing with Tidal Cave) (燕秀潮音) is behind the frogman troops of the special forces post. The term 'Yenshow' (燕秀) means “swallow nests” in Matsu dialect. Yansiou Echoing with Tidal Cave is a typical sea cove, at the bottom of which is a crevice connected to the sea. Yansiou Echoing with Tidal Cave is known to the resonant sounds caused by waves slapping against the rocks. After a stroll to the top observatory, the view expands.Vorlage:Tone inline Towards the east is the Laoshu (Rat) Sands Stone Forest (老鼠沙石林).[52]
Beihai Tunnel[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The 148-meter long Beihai Tunnel is in the west of Yansiouao (燕秀澳) in Dongyin. It used to accommodate several cutters, but was abandoned after severe damage caused by a typhoon. It was reopened to the public after restoration in 2000. Inside the tunnel is equipped with trails and railings. At the end of the tunnel, eight statues of the construction workers commemorate the restoration.[53]
Dragon Sea Cave[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dragon Sea Cave (海現龍闕) is located in the south of Beiao (北澳) and under the Dongyin gas station. After long years of erosion, exposed black basalt bedrock forms a unique 'sea arch' (海蝕門). When huge waves roll up, or during the fog season, the image of the sea arch flickers in the waves and fog, like a black mythical dragon playing in the water. Therefore, Dragon Sea Cave is nicknamed 'Marine Dragon Play at Sea' (潛龍鬧海).
Ganen Pavilion[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
When the tide ebbs, the stack standing in between connects Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin), but standing alone at sea when the tide refluxes. An embankment was built in 1986 to link Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin). To show their gratitude for the grand construction, the troops and inhabitants on the island built a pavilion on the stack, with a sitting statue of Chiang Ching-kuo inside.
Crouching Crocodile[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
In the west of Qingshuiao (Cingshueiao) (清水澳) of Xiyin (Siyin) is Reclining Alligator Island (鱷魚島), named after its likeness of an alligator in repose. Legend has it that a fierce alligator had caused trouble for many years at Cingshueiao. The Jade emperor recited a spell and turned it into a stone.
When it comes to a visit in Xiyin (Siyin), the best position to enjoy the sight of Reclining Alligator Island is along the high way and of the east of Cingshueiao. Towards the west, both Reclining Alligator Island and the oceanic scenery of Cingshueiao are in a full view.[54]
Dongao[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongao (東澳) is a port located in the east of Siyin, facing Beiao (北澳) of Dongyin in distance. Before the jetties were built between Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin), Dongao was one of the important transportation hubs on Xiyin (Siyin).
Lack of vast tidal flats in Dongyin, the pebble beach in Dongao is one of few ports that give easy access to the sea. It’s the best spot to enjoy the sights of coastal landforms, such as sea arches, sea gulfs, cliffs, and wave-cut platforms.
Houao[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Houao[1] (Hauao) (后澳) is on the windward side against the North Wind. The hills are all covered with grass, maintaining ecological primitiveness. Representative native plant species can be found on this immense hillside, such as Lycoris radiata Herb (紅花石蒜), Lycoris sprengeri (紅藍石蒜), Guizotia abyssinica (油菊), and Pittosporum (海桐), and so on. In addition, Hauao is the scenic spot where the most abundant geological features can be found in Dongyin. All different forms of cliff erosion can be easily spotted here, including sea arches, sea stacks, and sea coves.[55]
The Northernmost Frontier[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Walking towards the west from Houao (Hauao) (后澳), passing a 200-meter wide concrete path, here comes the northernmost tip of the territory of R.O.C. (Taiwan), Northernmost Frontier (國之北疆). In 2006, it was developed into a scenic spot and a stone monument inscribed with Northernmost Frontier (國之北疆) was erected. Since then, it has become a must-see for tourists visiting Dongyin. Out from the observatory, the north is the endless sea, and the west is the famous Luohanping (Lohan Flat) (羅漢坪), aka Three-Colored Stone (三色石).[56]
Monk Reading the Scripture[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Monk Reading the Scripture[1] (和尚看經) is at Stronghold No. 26 (兩六據點) in Xiyin (Siyin). Facing Zhongzhu Harbor, the huge stone on the hillside stands erect, as if it were a monk, reading Tipitaka scripture, indifferent to the mundane matters. Therefore, it’s called 'Monk Reading the Scripture'.
Army is still stationed at Stronghold No.26. Tourists are not allowed to enter. At dusk, looking towards the west on Dongyin, there are views of Monk Reading the Scripture in sight and rays of evening sunlight in the backdrop.[57]
Ökologie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Gulls and terns[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dongyin is located to the southwest of the Zhoushan Archipelago, one of the three world-class fisheries. The nearby water has an influx of cold and warm ocean currents, creating ideal conditions for both fish and birds: gulls and terns in particular breed on the cliffs of the islands.
Black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris)[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The black-tailed gull is about 45 cm long and is the most common in Dongyin. Nationalist soldiers stationed on the island following the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949 used the image of the bird on their badges and the Dongyin Distillery (東引酒廠) takes it as a symbol.
In the summer, black-tailed gulls number in their thousands. Most build nests on the steep cliffs at Rat Sands (老鼠沙) and outside the former artillery tunnel, Andong Tunnel (安東坑道). The June-to-August breeding season is a much-visited tourist attraction.
Black-naped tern (Sterna sumatrana)[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The black-naped tern is the most commonly spotted summer migrant bird to the Matsu Islands. They usually rest on three uninhabited islands, Twins Reef (雙子礁), Sole Cap (獨角帽) and Lotus Reef (芙蓉礁).
Bridled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus)[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Bridled terns mostly roost on three uninhabited islands, Twins Reef (雙子礁), Sole Cap (獨角帽), and Lotus Reef (芙蓉礁) in Xiyin (Siyin).
Plant species[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
In Dongyin, there are copious native plant species, in total 83 suborders 170 families and 198 species, including numerous precious ornamental and medical ones. Originally from Japan, Heteropappus ciliosus (華南狗娃花) hasn’t been found in Taiwan and China. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus (長萼瞿麥) is widespread in medium to high altitude areas, but is found in Donyin at an altitude less than 200 meters. Both Lycoris radiata Herb (紅花石蒜), rarely seen in Taiwan, and Lycoris sprengeri (紅藍石蒜), only endemic to Dongyin among the Matsu Islands, have become important assets for tourism. Clear cutting once caused the hard-but-light slow-growing Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino (濱柃木) to near-extinction. Now it is classified as a conservation species.
Lycoris radiata[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Lycoris radiata herb (紅花石蒜), within the family Amaryllidaceae (石蒜科), is about 30–70 cm tall, bearing a terminal of four to seven flowers. The petals are extremely wrinkled and rolled backwards. The thrums and styles are long and slender. The pollination period spans about 2 months from August to September annually. Lycoris radiata is broadly distributed on the hillsides of Mt. Shiwei (世尾山), Mt. Enai (恩愛山) in Dongyin, Dongao (東澳), Qingshuiao (Cingshueiao) (清水澳), and Dragon Boat Sands (龍船沙) in Xiyin (Siyin). Flamboyant flowers are hard to miss.
In 2006, Lycoris radiata was elected by the inhabitants 'County Flower', as a replacement for bougainvillea (九重葛) in the martial law enforcement period.
Lycoris sprengeri[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
The flowers of Lycoris sprengeri (紅藍石蒜), also named Matsu stone garlic (馬祖石蒜), are pink with a blue tint. The leaves are 58 cm long and 1.3 cm broad. The cup-shaped flowers are elegant. The pollination period of Lycoris sprengeri is a month earlier than Lycoris radiata. In the Matsu Islands, Lycoris sprengeri occurs only in Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin), and is already classified as a conservation species.
From June to August, dotted Lycoris sprengeri creates a picturesque landscape as swayed by the wind. Lycoris sprengeri is broadly distributed throughout Mt. Shiwei (世尾山), Mt. Enai (恩愛山) in Dongyin, Dongao(東澳), Qingshuiao (Cingshueiao) (清水澳), and Dragon Boat Sands (龍船沙) in Xiyin (Siyin).
Scilla scilloides[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Scilla scilloides (棉棗兒), within the Liliaceae (百合), bears a terminal raceme of pink small flowers. It is said to resemble a fox’s tail. The shape of Scilla scilloides is elegant. In Northern Taiwan, Scilla scilloides occupies habitats under 700 meters high in a small amount. From July to August, Scilla scilloides can be easily spotted on the open hillsides or fields along the roads in Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin).
Scilla scilloides also can be found in Nangan (Matsu Island), but the majority is in Dongyin and Xiyin (Siyin). NTU Professor suggests Scilla scilloides be a listed candidate for 'Township Flower' in Dongyin.
Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus (長萼瞿麥), within family Caryophyllaceae (石竹科), simply looks like wild Dianthus (石竹). Dianthus can be recognized by their rather ragged edges of petals and long calyxes connected to petals. Most flowers are pink and blue. The huge amount of Dianthus gives an impression of the endemic plant in the Matsu Islands. However, Dianthus, though not common, can also be found in Taiwan.
The pollination period of Dianthus is long, from early summer to winter. The blossom period lasts for half a year. They grow in a large quantity in the wild and along the roadsides in Dongyin. Dianthus is also to be found.
Heteropappus ciliosus[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Heteropappus ciliosus has not been found in Taiwan. Due to the special geography of Dongyin in proximity to the Mainland China, Heteropappus ciliosus is one of the valuable assets. Heteropappus ciliosus grows snugly close to the ground. The colors of the tongue-shaped flowers are violet, pink and white, with yellow tube-shaped bulb in the middle, while the violet and pink ones are more commonly seen.
The annual blossom season of Heteropappus ciliosus is when the terns (燕鷗) emigrate at the end of summer. The eye-catching violet Heteropappus ciliosus enriches the wild. Heteropappus ciliosus is widely distributed at Dongyong Lighthouse (東湧燈塔), Suicide Cliff (烈女義坑) and Houao (后澳).
Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino, scientific name Eurya japonica Thunb. (凹葉柃木), is also nicknamed 'Matsu purple sandalwood' (馬祖紫檀). Eurya is an evergreen species, resistant to cold and salt. As the dominant plant, slow growing Eurya is primarily distributed on the barren slopes of coastal cliffs. The surface of the leaves is smooth and hard, with serrated edges.
Eurya (濱柃木) is adapted to the fierce northeast monsoon, demonstrating elegant tree formations. In the past, local soldiers and inhabitants often used Eurya for wands or chops on account of its light and hard texture with beautiful grains.Vorlage:Citation needed At some point, Eurya was threatened with disappearance. Thanks to the reevaluation and attention from the researchers and local government, Eurya is now classified as a conservation species. While visiting Yanxiu Tidal Echo (Yansiou Echoing with Tidal Cave) (燕秀潮音), tourists can spot the unbending and graceful Eurya.Vorlage:Tone inline
Galerie[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
-
Abandoned Stonghold -
Lehua Village -
Anti-Communist National Salvation Army History Museum -
Zhongliu Village and Zhongzhu Harbor -
Statue of Chiang Ching-kuo in Ganen Pavilion
%E9%98%9F%E5%8F%B2%E9%A6%86_-_Anti-Communist_National_Salvation_Army_History_Museum_-_2016.04_-_panoramio.jpg)
See also[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- List of islands of the Republic of China
- List of Taiwanese superlatives
- List of islands in the East China Sea
Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- ↑ a b c d e f g ? (Originaltitel: zh:常用地名). In: 馬祖國家風景區 Matsu National Scenic Area. 4. Februar 2019, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „東引鄉 Dongyin Township 東引 Dongyin 西引 Xiyin 感恩亭 Ganen Pavilion 中柱島 Zhongzhu Island 清水澳 Qingshuiao{...}和尚看經 Monk Reading the Scripture{...}后澳 Houao“
- ↑ a b c Julian Ryall: Divers locate British ship which went down in 1901 off Taiwan. In: The Telegraph. 1. Juli 2014, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „Divers have located the wreck of a British steam ship that sank in April 1901 off Tungyin Island, part of modern-day Taiwan, which they believe may have been carrying loot from British army's Relief of Peking eight months previously.“
- ↑ a b The Odd Day. William Morrow & Company, New York City 1962, S. 67 (archive.org): "Way up here," Kueffer pointed thirty miles further north of the Matsus, "are two more islands we hold but, technically, although they're administered from here, they aren't part of this complex." He tapped the names on the map: Tungyin and Hsiyin.
- ↑ Edward Stanford: Atlas of the Chinese Empire. 1. Auflage. 1908, S. 24, 88 (archive.org): „Tungyung{...}Tungyung, Fukien . 26.21 N 120.9 E“
- ↑ a b LOSS ON CHINA STATION BRITISH NAVAL TENDER ALL ABOARD RESCUED. via=Papers Past|title=|date=14. November 1931|quote=H.M.S. Petersfield {...} ran ashore on Wednesday night on the north side of Tungyung Island.
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:中國之温度本編, deutsch: The Temperature of China). NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY ACADEMIA SINICA via Internet Archive, 1940, S. 134,354–355,605–606,710,792,933 (chinesisch (traditionell), englisch): „25:6 東湧 TUNGYUNG, FUKIEN 北緯 Lat. 26°33' N. 東經 Long. 120°30' E. 高度 Alt. 109.7 M.{...}Tungyung 134,354-355,605-606,710,792“
- ↑ Names of places on the China coast and the Yangtze River. 2. Auflage. Imperial Maritime Customs, Shanghai 1904, S. 64 (englisch, chinesisch (traditionell), archive.org): “NAME OF PLACE. Customs District. Prefecture. Sub-Prefecture. {...}Tungyung (東湧)...............Foochow.....福𡩋府 霞浦縣”
- ↑ a b Sailing directions to accompany seven charts of the coast of China, between Amoy bay, and the Yángtsz' kiáng. Band 12. The Chinese Repository, Canton 1843, S. 412 (archive.org): „The peak of Tung Yung 東永 bears from Larne islet N. 84° E., distant 14 miles, and is the easternmost island on this part of the coast; the highest part of it is in lat. 26° 23.'2 N., and long. 120° 31' E., and elevated above the sea 853 feet. Its appearance is level and flat, topped with steep cliff shores; off its south extreme is a ledge of rocks. There is another island half a mile to the westward of it. They appear however as one, except on a N.E. by N. or S.W. by S. bearing. Under this island there is good anchorage during the northeast monsoon. North, half a mile from the eastern point of the western island, is a sunken rock. Tung Yung has a large village and fishing establishment on its western side.“
- ↑ a b ART. III. Japan: A Translation of the 12th Chapter of the Hái-kwoh Tú Chí, 海國圖志 or Notices of Foreign Countries, illustrated with Maps and Engravings. Published at the city of Yángchau fú in Kiángsú, in the summer of 1847. In: The Chinese Repository. 19. Jahrgang. Canton 1850, S. 147 (archive.org): „In the 2d year of Wánlih (1573), they invaded {...}in the 8th (1579), Kiu-shán, in Chehkiáng, and Pang-hú (the Pescadores) and Tung-yung in Fuhkien.“
- ↑ a b Introduction of Dongyin. In: 東引鄉公所 Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 31. August 2019 (chinesisch (Taiwan)): „Dongyin was originally called Dongyong. According to folklore, a long time ago, a small island appeared overnight on the northeast coast of Fujian Province; therefore, the locals simply decided to call it "Dongyong Island" (literally meaning, "sprung up in the east"). However, from a geographical perspective, among the waters around Matsu Islands, the deepest point is off the coast of Dongyin.“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 第一章 東引開拓史, deutsch: History of Dongyin Chapter One Dongyin Pioneer History). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019 (chinesisch (Taiwan)): „東引昔稱「東湧」，“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:中柱島). In: 馬祖國家風景區 Matsu National Scenic Area. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019 (chinesisch (Taiwan)): „民國64年，先築起介石橋連接東引與中柱，11年後再完成連往西引的道路，路中有座高於路面的感恩亭，經過時，遠遠還能看見蔣經國銅像坐在亭內。“
- ↑ Vorlage:GEOnet2, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ↑ HSIA-P'U.
- ↑ Sailing directions to accompany seven charts of the coast of China, between Amoy bay, and the Yángtsz' kiáng. Band 12. The Chinese Repository, Canton 1843, S. 412 (archive.org): „avoid Alligator island (called Tungsha 東沙); it is due east of Matsoo shan peak 24 1/2 miles. From the south extreme of the White Dog island, it bears N. 62° E., 25 1/2 miles; it is in lat. 26° 9'N., and long. 120° 25.'7 E., about 40 feet above the level of the sea, and is a flat barren rock.“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:擬定連江縣風景特定區計畫說明書). Juni 2002, S. 15, 16 (chinesisch (Taiwan), gov.tw [PDF]): 「東引地區 (北固礁、東沙島、雙子礁){...}東引鄉 北固礁 0.2701 0.11 東沙島 5.0434 1.96」
- ↑ a b c d ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 第二章 大事記：明朝、清朝, deutsch: History of Dongyin Chapter 2 Important Events: Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:蘇布倫號沈船大公開 英國法庭當年已有調查 文化部緊急發函連江縣府妥善保護水下文化資產). In: Ministry of Culture. 30. Juni 2014, abgerufen am 1. September 2019 (chinesisch (Taiwan)): „蘇布倫號1901年4月24日於東引島附近沉沒，“
- ↑ BIG STEAMSHIP SOBRAON IS STRANDED ON TUNGYUNG ISLAND AND MAY BE LOST. 27. April 1901 via=Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research|volume=89|issue=187|quote=The Peninsular and Oriental Line steamship Sobraon, of 7382 tons, launched last year, which as been running between Shanghai and London, is badly stranded on Tungyung Island, and will probably be a total loss. The vessel went ashore in a dense fog Wednesday morning. |page=2|newspaper=The San Francisco Call
- ↑ a b Measures taken to protect British wreckage in Taiwan. In: Ministry of Culture. 1. Juli 2014, abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ a b Maubo Chang: Wreckage of British ship S.S. Sobraon found. In: Focus Taiwan. 29. Juni 2014, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „The paper cited divers from the Taiwan Ocean Security Conserve Association as saying that the dozen objects they obtained from a wreckage off Tungyin Island on June 24 had been confirmed as coming from the British ship S.S. Sobraon.{...}One year after the accident, the British government financed the building of a lighthouse on the island, which still exists today.“
- ↑ a b c d e ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國２~３９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 1913-1950). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019.
- ↑ British Warship Runs Ashore on Chinese Island. In: The Daily Colonist. 12. November 1931: 1|location=Victoria, British Columbia|issue=287|quote=HONGKONG, Nov. 12 (AP). - The British warship H.M.S. Petersfield, with Admiral Kelly, commander-in-chief of the Asiatic Fleet, aboard, grounded today on Tungyung Island while en route from Shanghai to Hongkong.
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國４０~４９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 1951-1960). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019: „民國45年{...}7月16日，馬祖戰地政務委員會正式成立，接管福建省第一區行政督察專員公署業務，並宣布撤銷長樂、羅源兩縣政府，西犬、東犬與東湧3鄉，均併入連江縣政府代管。馬祖、東引開始實驗戰地政務，實施軍政一元領導。“
- ↑ CHINESE NATIONALIST ACTION AGAINST TAISHAN ISLAND. 23. Februar 1955, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „{...}Nat planes mistakenly bombed Nat-held Tungyin Island, 40 miles south of Taishan. Only military installation--radio sation used by Nat air force--possibly destroyed.“
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引島燈塔). In: Maritime and Port Bureau. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „由於東引島鄰近海域佈滿險岩暗礁，西元1958年因軍事理由暫停使用，西元1989年又恢復發光。“
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國５０~５９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 1961-1970). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019: „民國52年{...}5月7日，總統蔣中正蒞臨巡視防務，在天后宮旁與民眾合影。{...}民國54年{...}5月1日，凌晨，我國海軍PC-119號「東江」艦在東引北方海面遭中共快艇包圍，發生激烈海戰。“
- ↑ China Today: The People's Navy. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 23. Februar 1990, S. 42 (archive.org): „1964{...}1 May The 29th Escort Vessel Dadui engaged 4 KMT Sea Wolf vessels near the KMT-occupied Dongyin Island and sank two while capturing one.“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國６０~６９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 1971-1980). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019: „民國68年{...}4月13日，總統蔣經國在參謀總長宋長志、海軍總司令鄒堅陪同下，抵達東引巡視。{...}9月22日，總統蔣經國蒞臨東引巡視，並在「其介如石」勒石下與指揮官謝久合影。{...}民國69年{...}5月2日，總統蔣經國蒞臨東引避壽，指揮官謝久特準備生日蛋糕，為總統慶賀。 7月18日，總統蔣經國蒞臨東引巡視。{...}9月29日，總統蔣經國由參謀總長宋長志、海軍總司令鄒堅陪同，蒞臨東引巡視，並訪問民眾。“
- ↑ China Report, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs. Foreign Broadcast Information Service via Internet Archive, 3. Juli 1985, S. 89, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „GARRISON COMMENDS CREWMEN OF HIJACKED BOAT{...}The Taiwan Garrison command announced on 6. Juni that the Keelung-based Hungchi No 1 fishing boat returned safely to Taiwan after being hijacked last month in waters off Tungyin by Chinese Communists. The Chinese Communists used the fishing boat as shield to enter Tungyin to collect information but were later subdued by five sailors of the boat, who seized the communists' weapons.“
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國７０~７９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 1981-1990). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019: „民國74年{...}5月21日，基隆籍漁船宏志一號在東引附近海面遭大陸漁船挾持，由大陸共幹駕船，環繞東引沿海拍攝照片，經宏志一號漁民合力奪槍，共幹跳水逃離，警總頒發獎金表揚。{...}民國77年{...}9月19日，總統李登輝由參謀總長郝柏村陪同，蒞臨東引巡視各項政經建設。{...}民國79年{...}8月10日，總統李登輝蒞臨東引巡視，並主持東引發電三廠按鈕啟用儀式。“
- ↑ a b ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引鄉誌 民國９０~９９年, deutsch: History of Dongyin 2001-2010). 馬祖資訊網, abgerufen am 31. August 2019: „民國94年{...}9月9日，總統陳水扁由國防部長李傑陪同，搭直昇機抵東引視察防務。{...}民國97年{...}2月5日，總統陳水扁蒞臨東引，視察防務。{...}民國99年{...}9月16日，總統馬英九在國安會秘書長胡為真、國防部部長高華柱陪同下，蒞臨東引視察防務，並拜會鄉親。“
- ↑ PRESIDENT CHEN ON ELECTION POLITICS, UN REFERENDUM, HIS SPRATLY VISIT AND U.S. BEEF. US Department of State, 5. Februar 2008, abgerufen am 1. September 2019: „Chen said he would be visiting Matsu and Tungyin Islands the next day and he would also be paying a visit to Tungsha on February 10.“
- ↑ Richard Saunders: Off the Beaten Track: Dongyin Island: The Northern Frontier. In: Taipei Times. 22. September 2017, S. 2, abgerufen am 30. August 2019: „This point (or rather the Beigu Reef (北固礁) just offshore) constitutes the northernmost territory of the Matsu archipelago, and is certainly a fittingly majestic spot.“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:烈女義坑). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網 Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Dragon Sea Cave. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:海現龍闕). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網, Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:東澳). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網, Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ map-en.png (400×350). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網, Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 30. August 2019: „Xiyin Island Dongyin Island Beiao Zhongliu Village Lehua Village Shizi Village“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:常用地名). In: 馬祖國家風景區全球資訊網. 4. Februar 2019, abgerufen am 30. August 2019: „景點 目前統一英譯{...}中柳村, Zhongliu Village{...} 樂華村, Lehua Village“
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: 村里介紹). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網 Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 30. August 2019: „中柳：源於「中流」，昔日民眾稱中柳村七棟下方聚落為「中流角」。樂華：源於「老鴉角」，因名稱不雅而更名「樂華」。“
- ↑ Richard Saunders: Off the Beaten Track: Dongyin Island: The Northern Frontier. In: Taipei Times. 22. September 2017, S. 1, abgerufen am 30. August 2019: „Ferries from Taiwan and Nangan Island (南竿島) all dock at Zhongzhu Harbor (Jhongjhu Harbor) (中柱港), at the southern edge of Jhongliou (中柳村) and Lehua (樂華村) villages, which mingle to form the main settlement on the island.“
- ↑ Global Security: Sky Spear.: „As of early 2001, up to 50 Tien Chi missiles were deployed at two sites: Tungyin Island, and an unidentified second location. The Tungyin Island missiles are said to be housed in silos and protected by batteries of Tien Kung 2 SAMs.“
- ↑ Local Customs and Lifestyle. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Sea Transportation. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Land Transportation. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Archived copy. Archiviert vom am 5. Juni 2014; abgerufen am 1. Juni 2014.
- ↑ Dongyin Island Lighthouse. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ A Thread of Sky. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Andong Tunnel. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:東引酒廠). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網 Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Yanxiu Tidal Echo. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:北海坑道(東引)). In: 馬祖國家風景區 Matsu National Scenic Area. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Crouching Crocodile. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:后澳). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網, Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ Northernmost Frontier. In: Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
- ↑ ? (Originaltitel: zh:和尚看經). In: 東引鄉公所全球資訊網 Dongyin Township Administration, Matsu. Abgerufen am 1. September 2019.
Weblinks[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]
- 我們的島 第259集 東引之光 (2004-06-21) ('Our Island No. 259: Glistening Dongyin') Vorlage:In lang