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The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London (590 Seven Sisters Road)

Das Imperial System of Units, auch: Imperial System, Imperial Units, British Imperial[1] und Exchequer Standards of 1826 ist das Einheitensystem, welches erstmals im britischen Weights and Measures Act 1824 festgelegt wurde und sich durch eine Reihe von Weights and Measures Acts und Amendments (Ergänzungen) fortentwickelt hat. Die Imperial Units ersetzten de Winchester Standards (Winchester measure), welche von 1588 bis 1825 Gültigkeit hatten.[2] The system came into official use across the British Empire in 1826. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, but imperial units are still used in the United Kingdom and some other countries formerly part of the British Empire. The imperial system developed from what were first known as English units, as did the related system of United States customary units.

The modern legislation defining the imperial system of units is given in the Weights and Measures Act 1985 (as amended).[3]

Implementation[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 was initially scheduled to go into effect on 1 May 1825.[4] The Weights and Measures Act of 1825 pushed back the date to 1 January 1826.[5] The 1824 Act allowed the continued use of pre-imperial units provided that they were customary, widely known, and clearly marked with imperial equivalents.[4]

Apothecaries' units[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Imperial standards of length 1876 in Trafalgar Square, London.

Apothecaries' units are mentioned neither in the act of 1824 nor 1825. At the time, apothecaries' weights and measures were regulated "in England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed" by the London College of Physicians, and in Ireland by the Dublin College of Physicians. In Scotland, apothecaries' units were unofficially regulated by the Edinburgh College of Physicians. The three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, pharmacopœiae, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law.[6][7]

Imperial apothecaries' measures, based on the imperial pint of 20 fluid ounces, were introduced by the publication of the London Pharmacopoeia of 1836,[8][9] the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1839,[10] and the Dublin Pharmacopoeia of 1850.[11] The Medical Act of 1858 transferred to The Crown the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries' weights and measures.[12]

Einheiten[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Länge[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Metric equivalents in this article usually assume the latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the imperial Standard Yard was val 0.914398415 metres.[13]

Table of length equivalent units
Unit Abbr. or symbols Relative to previous Feet Metres Notes
thou th val 12000 val 0.0000254

Also known as mil[14]

barleycorn Bc[15] 333|1|3 th frac|36 0.0084667 1|3 in
inch in ″ 3|u=Bc frac|12 val|0.0254 39.3701 inch
foot ft ′ 12|u=inch 1 val 0.3048
yard yd 3|u=foot 3 val|0.9144 Defined as exactly val 0.9144 m by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959
chain ch Vorlage:Val 66 Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val, Vorlage:Val, or Vorlage:Frac of a furlong. The distance between the two wickets on a cricket pitch.
furlong fur Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val
mile mi Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val or Vorlage:Val
league lea Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val No longer an official unit in any nation.Vorlage:Citation needed
Maritime units
fathom ftm Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val The British Admiralty in practice used a fathom of Vorlage:Val. This was despite its being Vorlage:Frac of a nautical mile (i.e. Vorlage:Val) until the adoption of the international nautical mile.[16]
cable Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val One tenth of a nautical mile. Equal to Vorlage:Val under the strict definition.
nautical mile nmi Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Used for measuring distances at sea (and also in aviation) and approximately equal to one arc minute of a great circle. Until the adoption of the international definition of Vorlage:Val in 1970, the British nautical (Admiralty) mile was defined as Vorlage:Val.[17]
Gunter's survey units (17th century onwards)
link Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Frac of a chain and Vorlage:Frac of a furlong
rod Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val The rod is also called pole or perch and equal to Vorlage:Frac yards

Area[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Table of area units and equivalents
Unit Abbr. or symbol Relative to previous Relation to units of length Square feet Square yards Acres Square metres Hectares Notes
perch Vorlage:Val × Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Fraction Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val The square rod has been called a pole or perch or, more properly, square pole or square perch for centuries.
rood Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val × Vorlage:Val[18] Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val
acre Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val × Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val
square mile sq mi Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val × Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val 640 Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val

Volume[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The Weights and Measures Act 1824 invalidated the various different gallons in use in the British Empire, declaring them to be replaced by the statute gallon (which became known as the imperial gallon), a unit close in volume to the ale gallon. The 1824 Act defined as the volume of a gallon to be that of Vorlage:Convert of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at Vorlage:Convert at a temperature of Vorlage:Convert.[19] The 1824 Act went on to give this volume as Vorlage:Convert.[19] The Weights and Measures Act 1963 refined this definition to be the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water of density Vorlage:Val weighed in air of density Vorlage:Val against weights of density Vorlage:Val, which works out to Vorlage:Val.[nb 1] The Weights and Measures Act 1985 defined a gallon to be exactly Vorlage:Val (approximately Vorlage:Val).[20]

Table of equivalences
Unit Imperial
ounces 		Imperial
pints 		Millilitres Cubic inches US ounces US pints
fluid ounce (fl oz) 1     Vorlage:Frac     Vorlage:Convert
gill (gi) 5     Vorlage:Frac     Vorlage:Convert
pint (pt) 20     1     Vorlage:Convert
quart (qt) 40     2     Vorlage:Convert
gallon (gal) 160     8     Vorlage:Convert
Note: The millilitre equivalences are exact, but cubic-inch and US measures are correct to 5 significant figures.
Unit measures defined by the Weights and Measures Act 1824,
all measures determined by reference to the statute gallon of 277.274 cubic inches.[19]
Liquid Dry Capacity
Vorlage:1/2 gill Vorlage:Convert
gill Vorlage:1/4 pint Vorlage:Convert
Vorlage:1/2 pint Vorlage:1/2 pint Vorlage:Convert
pint pint Vorlage:Convert
quart quart Vorlage:Convert
Vorlage:1/2 gallon Vorlage:1/4 peck or Vorlage:1/2 gallon Vorlage:Convert
gallon Vorlage:1/2 peck or gallon Vorlage:Convert
2 gallons (peck) peck Vorlage:Convert
4 gallons (Vorlage:1/2 bushel) Vorlage:1/2 bushel Vorlage:Convert
8 gallons bushel Vorlage:Convert
64 gallons quarter Vorlage:Convert
Note: The 1824 Act removed the distinction between liquid and dry measure, specifying instead that
the dry quantities shall be unheaped. The metric equivalences shown are approximate.

British apothecaries' volume measures[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

These measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined. For pharmaceutical purposes, they were replaced by the metric system in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971.[21][22] In the US, though no longer recommended, the apothecaries' system is still used occasionally in medicine, especially in prescriptions for older medications.[23][24]

Table of British apothecaries' volume unitsVorlage:Refn
Unit Symbols and
abbreviations 		Relative to
previous 		Exact
metric value[note 1]
minim ♏︎, , m, m., min   (Vorlage:Frac pint) Vorlage:Gaps
fluid scruple fl ℈, fl s 20 minims (Vorlage:Frac pint) Vorlage:Gaps
fluid drachm
(fluid dram, fluidram) 		ʒ, fl ʒ, fʒ, ƒ 3, fl dr 3 fluid scruples (Vorlage:Frac pint) Vorlage:Val
fluid ounce ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥, fl oz 8 fluid drachms Vorlage:Val
pint O, pt 20 fluid ounces Vorlage:Val
gallon C, gal 8 pints Vorlage:Gaps
Note: Vorlage:Reflist

Mass and weight[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the UK used three different systems for mass and weight.

The distinction between mass and weight is not always clearly drawn. Strictly a pound is a unit of mass, but it is commonly referred to as a weight. When a distinction is necessary, the term pound-force may refer to a unit of force rather than mass. The troy pound (Vorlage:Val) was made the primary unit of mass by the 1824 Act and its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879,[25] with only the troy ounce (Vorlage:Val) and its decimal subdivisions retained.[26] The Weights and Measures Act 1855 (18 & 19 Victoria C72) made the avoirdupois pound the primary unit of mass.[27] In all the systems, the fundamental unit is the pound, and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.

Table of mass units
Unit Pounds Grams Kilograms Notes
grain (gr) Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val Exactly Vorlage:Val milligrams.
drachm (dr) Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val A dram is Vorlage:Frac of an ounce
ounce (oz) Vorlage:Frac Vorlage:Val An ounce is Vorlage:Frac of a pound
pound (lb) 1 Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Defined by The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994[28]
stone (st) 14 Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val The plural stone is often used when providing a weight (e.g. "this sack weighs 8 stone").[29] A person's weight is usually quoted in stone and pounds in English-speaking countries that use the avoirdupois system, with the exception of the United States and Canada, where it is usually quoted in pounds.
quarter (qr or qtr) 28 Vorlage:Val One quarter (literally a quarter of a hundredweight) is equal to two stone or 28 pounds. The term quarter is also used in retail contexts, where it refers to four ounces, i.e. a quarter of a pound. (The 1824 Act defined a quarter as a unit of volume, as above: thus a 'quarter of wheat', 64 gallons, would weigh about 494 lb.[30]).
hundredweight (cwt) 112 Vorlage:Val One imperial hundredweight is equal to eight stone. This is the long hundredweight, 112 pounds, as opposed to the short hundredweight of 100 pounds used in the United States and Canada.[31]
ton (t) 2240 Vorlage:Val Twenty hundredweight equals a ton (as in the US and Canadian[31] systems). The imperial hundredweight is 12% greater than the US and Canadian one. The imperial ton (or long ton) is Vorlage:Val pounds, which is much closer to a metric tonne (about Vorlage:Val pounds), compared to the 12% smaller North American short ton of Vorlage:Convert.
Gravitational units
slug (slug) Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val Vorlage:Val The slug, a unit associated with imperial and US customary systems, is a mass that accelerates by 1 ft/s2 when a force of one pound (lbf) is exerted on it.[32]
F  = ma (Newton's second law)
1 lbf  = 1 slug × 1 ft/s2 (as defined above)
1 lbf  = 1 lb × g/gc (by definition of the pound forceVorlage:Citation needed)
g  ≈ Vorlage:Val ft/s2 gc  ≈ Vorlage:Val lbm.ft/lbf.s2
∴ 1 slug  ≈ Vorlage:Val pounds

Natural equivalents[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

The 1824 Act of Parliament defined the yard and pound by reference to the prototype standards, and it also defined the values of certain physical constants, to make provision for re-creation of the standards if they were to be damaged. For the yard, the length of a pendulum beating seconds at the latitude of Greenwich at Mean Sea Level in vacuo was defined as Vorlage:Val inches. For the pound, the mass of a cubic inch of distilled water at an atmospheric pressure of 30 inches of mercury and a temperature of 62° Fahrenheit was defined as 252.458 grains, with there being 7,000 grains per pound.[4]

Following the destruction of the original prototypes in the 1834 Houses of Parliament fire, it proved impossible to recreate the standards from these definitions, and a new Weights and Measures Act (18 & 19 Victoria. Cap. 72) was passed in 1855 which permitted the recreation of the prototypes from recognized secondary standards.[27]

Relation to other systems[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

English units of length

The imperial system is one of many systems of English units. Most of the units are defined in more than one system, and some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than another. The distinctions between the systems are often not drawn precisely.

One such distinction is that between the imperial system and older British/English units/systems or newer additions. The term imperial should not be applied to English units that were outlawed by the Weights and Measures Act 1824 or earlier, or which had fallen out of use by that time, nor to post-imperial inventions, such as the slug or poundal.

The US customary system is derived from those English units which were in use at the time of the original settlement of North America from England in the 17th century. And because the United States had achieved independence from Britain prior to the 19th Century, US customary units were unaffected by Britain's introduction of the imperial system in 1834.

Current use[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

United Kingdom

Vorlage:See also

Countries using the metric, imperial and US customary systems as of 2019

Since the Weights and Measures Act 1985, British law defines base imperial units in terms of their metric equivalent and declares that none may be used "for trade" (except that milk, beer and cider may also be sold by the pint). The metric system is routinely used in business and technology within the United Kingdom, with imperial units remaining in widespread use amongst the public.[33] All UK roads use the imperial system except for weight limits, and newer height or width restriction signs give metric alongside imperial.[34]

A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systems—metric, imperial (UK), and US customary

Traders in the UK may accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are commonplace in the retail trade. Metric price signs may be accompanied by imperial price signs provided that the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the metric ones.

The United Kingdom completed its official partial transition to the metric system in 1995, with imperial units still legally mandated for certain applications such as draught beer and cider,[35] and road-signs.[36] Therefore, the speedometers on vehicles sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Even though the troy pound was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, the troy ounce may still be used for the weights of precious stones and metals. The original railways (many built in the Victorian era) are a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour.

Most British people still use imperial units in everyday life for distance (miles, yards, feet and inches) and volume in some cases (especially milk and beer in pints) but rarely for canned or bottled soft drinks or petrol.[33][37] Vorlage:As of, many British people also still use imperial units in everyday life for body weight (stones and pounds for adults, pounds and ounces for babies).[38] Government documents aimed at the public may give body weight and height in imperial units as well as in metric.[39] A survey in 2015 found that many people did not know their body weight or height in both systems.[40] People under the age of 40 preferred the metric system but people aged 40 and over preferred the imperial system.[41] The height of horses in English-speaking countries, including Australia,[1] Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States is usually measured in hands, standardized to 4 inches (101.6 mm). Fuel consumption for vehicles is commonly stated in miles per gallon (mpg), though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents and fuel is sold in litres. When sold draught in licensed premises, beer and cider must be sold in pints, half-pints and third-pints.[42] Cow's milk is available in both litre- and pint-based containers in supermarkets and shops. Areas of land associated with farming, forestry and real estate are commonly advertised in acres and square feet but, for contracts and land registration purposes, the units are always hectares and square metres.[43]

Office space and industrial units are usually advertised in square feet. Steel pipe sizes are sold in increments of inches, while copper pipe is sold in increments of millimetres. Road bicycles have their frames measured in centimetres, while off-road bicycles have their frames measured in inches. Display sizes for screens on television sets and computer monitors are always diagonally measured in inches. Food sold by length or width, e.g. pizzas or sandwiches, is generally sold in inches. Clothing is always sized in inches, with the metric equivalent often shown as a small supplementary indicator. Gas is usually measured by the cubic foot or cubic metre, but is billed like electricity by the kilowatt hour.[44]

Pre-packaged products can show both metric and imperial measures, and it is also common to see imperial pack sizes with metric only labels, e.g. a Vorlage:Cvt tin of Lyle's Golden Syrup is always labelled 454 g with no imperial indicator. Similarly most jars of jam and packs of sausages are labelled 454 g with no imperial indicator. But, whatever the label says, the tins or packets are invariably still packaged in imperial quantities (typically 8 or 16 ounces).

India[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

India's conversion to the metric system from the imperial system occurred in stages between 1955 and 1962. The metric system in weights and measures was adopted by the Indian Parliament in December 1956 with the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, which took effect beginning 1 October 1958. For the next five years, both the previous and new system were legal. In April 1962, all other systems were banned.Vorlage:Citation needed

Today all official measurements are made in the metric system. In common usage some older Indians may still refer to imperial units. Some measurements, such as the heights of mountains, are still recorded in feet. Tyre rim diameters are still measured in inches, as used worldwide. Industries like the construction and the real estate industry still use both the metric and the imperial system though it is more common for sizes of homes to be given in square feet and land in acres.[45]

In Standard Indian English, as in Australian, Singaporean, and British English, metric units such as the litre, metre, and metric tonne utilise the traditional spellings brought over from French, which differ from those used in the United States and the Philippines. The imperial long ton is invariably spelt with one 'n'.[45]

Hong Kong[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Hong Kong has three main systems of units of measurement in current use:

In 1976 the Hong Kong Government started the conversion to the metric system, and as of 2012 measurements for government purposes, such as road signs, are almost always in metric units. All three systems are officially permitted for trade,[46] and in the wider society a mixture of all three systems prevails.

The Chinese systems most commonly used units for length are 里 (lei5), 丈 (zoeng6), 尺 (cek3), 寸 (cyun3), 分 (fan1) in descending scale order. These units are now rarely used in daily life, the imperial and metric systems being preferred. The imperial equivalents are written with the same basic Chinese characters as the Chinese system. In order to distinguish between the units of the two systems, the units can be prefixed with "Ying" (英, jing1) for the imperial system and "Wa" (華, waa4) for the Chinese system. In writing, derived characters are often used, with an additional 口 (mouth) radical to the left of the original Chinese character, for writing imperial units. The most commonly used units are the mile or "li" (哩, li1), the yard or "ma" (碼, maa5), the foot or "chek" (呎, cek3), and the inch or "tsun" (吋, cyun3).

The traditional measure of flat area is the square foot (方呎, 平方呎, fong1 cek3, ping4 fong1 cek3) of the imperial system, which is still in common use for real estate purposes. The measurement of agricultural plots and fields is traditionally conducted in 畝 (mau5) of the Chinese system.

For the measurement of volume, Hong Kong officially uses the metric system, though the gallon (加侖, gaa1 leon4-2) is also occasionally used.

Canada[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

A one US gallon gas can purchased near the US-Canada border showing equivalences in imperial gallons and litres

During the 1970s, the metric system and SI units were introduced in Canada to replace the imperial system. Within the government, efforts to implement the metric system were extensive; almost any agency, institution, or function provided by the government uses SI units exclusively. Imperial units were eliminated from all public road signs and both systems of measurement will still be found on privately owned signs, such as the height warnings at the entrance of a parkade. In the 1980s, momentum to fully convert to the metric system stalled when the government of Brian Mulroney was elected. There was heavy opposition to metrication and as a compromise the government maintains legal definitions for and allows use of imperial units as long as metric units are shown as well.[47][48][49] The law requires that measured products (such as fuel and meat) be priced in metric units and an imperial price can be shown if a metric price is present.[50][51] There tends to be leniency in regards to fruits and vegetables being priced in imperial units only. Environment Canada still offers an imperial unit option beside metric units, even though weather is typically measured and reported in metric units in the Canadian media. Some radio stations near the United States border (such as CIMX and CIDR) primarily use imperial units to report the weather. Railways in Canada also continue to use imperial units.

Imperial units are still used in ordinary conversation. Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. The use of the metric and imperial systems varies by age. The older generation mostly uses the imperial system, while the younger generation more often uses the metric system. Quebec has implemented metrication more fully. Vorlage:Citation needed Newborns are measured in SI at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Drivers' licences use SI units, though many English-speaking Canadians give their height and weight in imperial. In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per hundredweight (short), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Imperial units still dominate in recipes, construction, house renovation and gardening.[52][53][54][55][56] Land is now surveyed and registered in metric units whist initial surveys used imperial units. For example, partitioning of farm land on the prairies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was done in imperial units; this accounts for imperial units of distance and area retaining wide use in the Prairie Provinces. In English-speaking Canada commercial and residential spaces are mostly (but not exclusively) constructed using square feet, while in French-speaking Quebec commercial and residential spaces are constructed in metres and advertised using both square metres and square feet as equivalents. Carpet or flooring tile is purchased by the square foot, but less frequently also in square metres.[57][58] Motor-vehicle fuel consumption is reported in both litres per 100 km and statute miles per imperial gallon,[59] leading to the erroneous impression that Canadian vehicles are 20% more fuel-efficient than their apparently identical American counterparts for which fuel economy is reported in statute miles per US gallon (neither country specifies which gallon is used). Canadian railways maintain exclusive use of imperial measurements to describe train length (feet), train height (feet), capacity (tons), speed (mph), and trackage (miles).[60]

Imperial units also retain common use in firearms and ammunition. Imperial measures are still used in the description of cartridge types, even when the cartridge is of relatively recent invention (e.g., .204 Ruger, .17 HMR, where the calibre is expressed in decimal fractions of an inch). Ammunition that is already classified in metric is still kept metric (e.g., 9×19mm). In the manufacture of ammunition, bullet and powder weights are expressed in terms of grains for both metric and imperial cartridges.

As in most of the western world, air navigation is based on nautical units, e.g., the nautical mile, which is neither imperial nor metric, though altitude is still measured in imperial feet[61] in keeping with the international standard.

Australia[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

While Metrication in Australia has largely ended the official use of imperial units, though for particular measurements, international use of imperial units is still followed. In licensed venues, draught beer and cider is sold in glasses and jugs with sizes based on the imperial fluid ounce, though rounded to the nearest 5 mL.

  • Newborns are measured in metric at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units.
  • Screen sizes, are frequently advertised in inches instead of or as well as centimetres.
  • Property size is frequently advertised in acres, but is mostly as square metres.
  • Navigation is done in nautical miles, and water-based speed limits are in nautical miles per hour.
  • Advertising billboards are measured by feet because of the still pervading influence of the United States' practices on such activities.
  • Historical writing and presentations may include pre-metric units to reflect the context of the era represented.
  • The illicit drug trade in Australia still often uses imperial measurements, particularly when dealing with smaller amounts closer to end user levels e.g. "8-ball" an 8th of an ounce or 3.5 g; cannabis is often traded in ounces ("oz") and pounds ("p")
  • Firearm barrel length are almost always referred by in inches, ammunition is also still measured in grain and ounces as well as grams.

As a result of cultural transmission of British and American English in Australia, there has also been noted to be a cause for residual use of imperial units of measure.

New Zealand[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

New Zealand introduced the metric system on 15 December 1976.[62] Aviation was exempt, with altitude and airport elevation continuing to be measured in feet whilst navigation is done in nautical miles; all other aspects (fuel quantity, aircraft weight, runway length, etc.) use metric units.

Screen sizes for devices such as televisions, monitors and phones, and wheel rim sizes for vehicles, are stated in inches, as is the convention in the rest of the world - and a 1992 study found a continued use of imperial units for birth weight and human height alongside metric units.[63]

Ireland[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Ireland has officially changed over to the metric system since entering the European Union, with distances on new road signs being metric since 1997 and speed limits being metric since 2005. The imperial system remains in limited use – for sales of beer in pubs (traditionally sold by the pint). All other goods are required by law to be sold in metric units with traditional quantities being retained for goods like butter and sausages, which are sold in 454-gram (1 lb) packaging. The majority of cars sold pre-2005 feature speedometers with miles per hour as the primary unit, but with a kilometres per hour display as well. Often signs such as those for bridge height can display both metric and imperial units. Imperial measurements continue to be used colloquially by the general population especially with height and distance measurements such as feet, inches, and acres as well as for weight with pounds and stones still in common use among people of all ages. Measurements such as yards have fallen out of favour with younger generations. Ireland's railways still use imperial measurements for distances and speed signage.[64][65] Property is usually listed in square feet as well as metres also.

Horse racing in Ireland still continues to use stones, pounds, miles and furlongs as measurements.[66]

Other countries[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Some imperial measurements remain in limited use in Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and South Africa. Measurements in feet and inches, especially for a person's height, are frequently encountered in conversation and non-governmental publications.

Prior to metrication, it was a common practice in Malaysia for people to refer to unnamed locations and small settlements along major roads by referring to how many miles the said locations were from the nearest major town. In some cases, these eventually became the official names of the locations; in other cases, such names have been largely or completely superseded by new names. An example of the former is Batu 32 (literally "Mile 32" in Malay), which refers to the area surrounding the intersection between Federal Route 22 (the Tamparuli-Sandakan highway) and Federal Route 13 (the Sandakan-Tawau highway). The area is so named because it is 32 miles west of Sandakan, the nearest major town.

Petrol is still sold by the imperial gallon in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Myanmar, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The United Arab Emirates Cabinet in 2009 issued the Decree No. (270 / 3) specifying that, from 1 January 2010, the new unit sale price for petrol will be the litre and not the gallon, which was in line with the UAE Cabinet Decision No. 31 of 2006 on the national system of measurement, which mandates the use of International System of units as a basis for the legal units of measurement in the country.[67][68][69][70] Sierra Leone switched to selling fuel by the litre in May 2011.[71]

In October 2011, the Antigua and Barbuda government announced the re-launch of the Metrication Programme in accordance with the Metrology Act 2007, which established the International System of Units as the legal system of units. The Antigua and Barbuda government has committed to a full conversion from the imperial system by the first quarter of 2015.[72]

See also[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

Commons: British Imperial units – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

References[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

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Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]

  1. ↑ The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement. Britannica Educational Publishing. The Rosen Publishing Group 2010: S. 241. ISBN 978-1-61530-218-5
  2. ↑ Henry James Chaney: A Practical Treatise on the Standard Weights and Measures in Use in the British Empire with some account of the metric system. Eyre and Spottiswoode 1897: S. 3
  3. ↑ Weights and Measures Act 1985. In: legislation.gov.uk. Abgerufen am 20. Januar 2020.
  4. ↑ a b c Great Britain: The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807-1865). His Majesty's statute and law printers, 1824, 339–354 (archive.org [abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2011]).
  5. ↑ Great Britain, William David Evans, Anthony Hammond, Thomas Colpitts Granger: A collection of statutes connected with the general administration of the law: arranged according to the order of subjects. W. H. Bond, 1836, 306–27 (archive.org [abgerufen am 31. Dezember 2011]).
  6. ↑ Edinburgh medical and surgical journal. A. and C. Black, 1824, S. 398 (google.com).
  7. ↑ Ireland, James Goddard Butler, William (barrister.) Ball: The Statutes at Large, Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland: From the twenty-third year of George the Second, A.D. 1749, to the first year of George the Third, A.D. 1761 inclusive. Boulter Grierson, 1765, S. 852 (google.com).
  8. ↑ Samuel Frederick Gray: A supplement to the Pharmacopœia and treatise on pharmacology in general: including not only the drugs and preparations used by practitioners of medicine, but also most of those employed in the chemical arts : together with a collection of the most useful medical formulæ ... Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1836, 516 (archive.org [abgerufen am 29. Juli 2012]).
  9. ↑ A Translation of the Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1836.: With ... S. Highley, 32, Fleet Street., 1837;.
  10. ↑ The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Adam and Charles Black and Bell and Bradfute, 1839, S. xiii–xiv (google.com).
  11. ↑ Royal College of Physicians of Dublin, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland: The pharmacopœia of the King and queen's college of physicians in Ireland. Hodges and Smith, 1850, S. xxii (archive.org [abgerufen am 29. Juli 2012]).
  12. ↑ Great Britain: A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of ... Printed by G. W. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen, 1858, S. 306 (google.com).
  13. ↑ Sears et al. 1928. Phil Trans A, 227:281.
  14. ↑ Jerrard and McNeill, Dictionary of Scientific Units, second edition, Chapman and Hall; cites first appearance in print in Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (G.B.) vol. 1, page 246 (1872)
  15. ↑ BARLEYCORN | Definition of BARLEYCORN by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of BARLEYCORN|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/barleycorn%7Caccess-date=2021-04-19%7Cwebsite=Lexico Dictionaries | English
  16. ↑ The exact figure was Vorlage:Val, but Vorlage:Val was in use in practice. The commonly accepted definition of a fathom was always 6 feet. The conflict was inconsequential, as Admiralty nautical charts designated depths shallower than Vorlage:Val in feet on older imperial charts. Today, all charts worldwide are metric, except for USA Hydrographic Office charts, which use feet for all depth ranges.
  17. ↑ The nautical mile was not readily expressible in terms of any of the intermediate units, because it was derived from the circumference of the Earth (like the original metre).
  18. ↑ Appendix C: General Tables of Units of Measurements. NIST, archiviert vom Original am 26. November 2006; abgerufen am 4. Januar 2007.
  19. ↑ a b c An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures (17 June 1824). In: legislation.gov.uk. 17. Juni 1824, S. 639,640, abgerufen am 19. Januar 2020: „Two such Gallons shall be a Peck, and Eight such Gallons shall be a Bushel, and Eight such Bushels a Quarter of Corn or other dry Goods, not measured by Heaped Measure.“. (The date of coming into effect was 1 May 1825).
  20. ↑ Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
  21. ↑ The Weights and Measures (Equivalents for dealings with drugs) Regulations 1970.
  22. ↑ Information Sheet: 11: Balances, Weights and Measures. In: Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Abgerufen am 11. Dezember 2020.
  23. ↑ Lorraine C. Zentz: Math for Pharmacy Technicians. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA 2010, ISBN 978-0-7637-5961-2, Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Math – Apothecary System, S. 7–8 (google.com).
  24. ↑ Mary Jo Boyer: Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation. 7th Auflage. Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2009, ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6, UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System, S. 108–9 (google.com).
  25. ↑ Great Britain: Statutes at large ... 1878, S. 308 (google.com).
  26. ↑ Hugh Chisholm: The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. At the University Press, 1911, S. 480 (google.com).
  27. ↑ a b Great Britain: A collection of public general statutes passed in the 18th and 19th years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. 1855, S. 273–75 (google.com).
  28. ↑ The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994. In: legislation.gov.uk. Abgerufen am 13. März 2019 (englisch).
  29. ↑ Definition of stone in English from the Oxford dictionary. In: www.oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press, abgerufen am 25. November 2015.
  30. ↑ Bulk densities of some common food products. In: engineeringtoolbox.com. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2020. The density of wheat is 0.770, and 291*0.770=Vorlage:Convert.
  31. ↑ a b Weights and Measures Act web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'.
  32. ↑ Wolfram-Alpha: Computational Knowledge Engine.
  33. ↑ a b Jon Kelly: Will British people ever think in metric?, BBC, 21 December 2011. Abgerufen im 26 February 2017 „...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy...“ 
  34. ↑ Height and width road signs to display metric and imperial, BBC, 8 November 2014. Abgerufen im 26 February 2017 „New road signs showing height and width restrictions will use both metric and imperial measurements from March 2015....Road signs for bridges, tunnels and narrow roads can currently show measurements in just feet and inches or only metres. Some already display both.“ 
  35. ↑ BusinessLink: Weights and measures: Rules for pubs, restaurants and cafes. (online) Department for Business, Innovation & Skills, archiviert vom Original am 20. Juli 2011; abgerufen am 24. August 2009.
  36. ↑ Department for Transport statement on metric road signs. (online) BWMA, 12. Juli 2002, abgerufen am 24. August 2009.
  37. ↑ In praise of ... metric measurements In: The Guardian, 1 December 2006. Abgerufen im 29 October 2017 
  38. ↑ Max King: Decimalisation: Britain’s "new pence" turn 50 years old. In: MoneyWeek. 15. Februar 2021, abgerufen am 8. April 2021.
  39. ↑ BMI healthy weight calculator. National Health Service, abgerufen am 25. November 2015.
  40. ↑ Will Dahlgreen: Britain's metric muddle not changing any time soon. 20. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 29. Oktober 2017: „even today [2015] most 18-24-year-olds still do not know how much they weigh in kilograms (60%) or how tall they are in metres and centimetres (54%).“
  41. ↑ YouGov Survey Results. 2015, abgerufen am 29. Oktober 2017.
  42. ↑ Weights and measures: the law. In: gov.uk. 7. April 2020;.
  43. ↑ Explanatory memorandum to The weights and measures (metrication amendments) regulations 2009. Legislation.gov.uk, 2009;. See paragraph 7.4.
  44. ↑ Gas meter readings and bill calculation. In: gov.uk.
  45. ↑ a b Acharya, Anil Kumar. History of Decimalisation Movement in India, Auto-Print & Publicity House, 1958.
  46. ↑ CAP 68 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ORDINANCE Sched 2 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND PERMITTED SYMBOLS OR ABBREVIATIONS OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT LAWFUL FOR USE FOR TRADE.
  47. ↑ Weights and Measures Act: Canadian units of measure. Justice Canada, archiviert vom Original am 5. Juni 2011; abgerufen am 14. November 2007.
  48. ↑ Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Kap. 11 (inspection.gc.ca (Memento des Originals vom 24 January 2008 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2007]).
  49. ↑ Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations (C.R.C., c. 417). Justice Canada, Legislative Services Branch, abgerufen am 15. November 2012.
  50. ↑ A Canadian compromise. CBC, 30. Januar 1985, archiviert vom Original am 16. Januar 2009; abgerufen am 11. März 2008.
  51. ↑ Les livres et les pieds, toujours présents (eng:The pounds and feet, always present). 5 sur 5, Société Radio-Canada, abgerufen am 11. März 2008 (französisch).
  52. ↑ Imperial Measures - The Origins. In: BWMAOnline.com. British Weights and Measures Association;
  53. ↑ Amy Rosen: Crepes worth savouring In: National Post, 23 February 2011 
  54. ↑ Amy Rosen: Scoring brownie points In: National Post, 2 February 2011 
  55. ↑ Adam McDowell: Drinking school In: National Post, 28 February 2011 
  56. ↑ Home Hardware - Building Supplies - Building Materials - Fence Products. Archiviert vom Original am 29. Juni 2011; abgerufen am 5. März 2011.
  57. ↑ Canada: Metric System
  58. ↑ Marie Allard: Système métrique: à quand le virage final? In: LaPresse.ca. 25. August 2015; (französisch).
  59. ↑ Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada: Fuel Consumption Ratings Search Tool - Conventional Vehicles. Archiviert vom Original am 6. Juli 2011; abgerufen am 15. Januar 2009.
  60. ↑ Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of Canada: Railway Investigation Report R96W0171.
  61. ↑ Canadian Aviation Regulations. In: Langley Flying School. (sec. "Altimeter Rules").
  62. ↑ "30 Years of the Metric System"
  63. ↑ "Human use of metric measures of length" web.archive.org Fehler bei Vorlage * Parametername unbekannt (Vorlage:Webarchiv): "date"Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Parameter Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: Genau einer der Parameter 'wayback', 'webciteID', 'archive-today', 'archive-is' oder 'archiv-url' muss angegeben werden.Vorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/Linktext_fehltVorlage:Webarchiv/Wartung/URL Fehler bei Vorlage:Webarchiv: enWP-Wert im Parameter 'url'.. Dignan, J. R. E., & O'Shea, R. P. (1995). New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 24, 21–25.
  64. ↑ Republic of Ireland. In: www.railsigns.uk. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021.
  65. ↑ Irish Rail: Network Statement. In: Irish Rail. Abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021 (englisch).
  66. ↑ http://www.hri-ras.ie/information-centre/hri-directives-and-rules/full/
  67. ↑ Address by Agriculture Minister Gregory Bowen. The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Grenada, 1. November 2004, archiviert vom Original am 24. März 2008; abgerufen am 15. Januar 2008: „The price of gasoline at the pumps was fixed at EC$7.50 per imperial gallon...“
  68. ↑ FAQ. In: MoF.gov.bz. Belize Ministry of Finance, archiviert vom Original am 23. Januar 2008; abgerufen am 15. Januar 2008: „• Kerosene per US Gallon (per Imperial gallon) • Gasoline (Regular)(per imperial Gallon) • Gasoline (Premium) (per Imperial Gallon) • Diesel (per Imperial Gallon)“
  69. ↑ The High Commission Antigua and Barbuda. Archiviert vom Original am 31. Januar 2009; abgerufen am 15. Januar 2008.
  70. ↑ Gerhard P. Metschies: International Fuel Prices 2005. In: International-Fuel-Prices.com. German Technical Cooperation, 6. September 2005, S. 96, archiviert vom Original am 7. Februar 2007; abgerufen am 15. Januar 2008.
  71. ↑ Introduction of the Metric System and the Price of Petroleum Products. Sierra Leone Embassy in the United States, archiviert vom Original am 29. April 2015; abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2011.
  72. ↑ Minister Lovell Addresses Metric Conversions (Memento des Originals vom 20 October 2011 im Internet Archive) In: CARIBARENA Antigua, 18 October 2011. Abgerufen im 23 October 2011 

[[Kategorie:Größen- und Einheitensystem]] Category:Imperial units]] [[Category:Customary units of measurement]] [[Category:Systems of units]] [[Category:1824 introductions]]
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